Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Craft and Commerce of Interregional Importance north of the Carpathians.

Marcin  Rudnicki

The settlement at Nowa Cerekwia (Głubczyce district, Opole Voivodeship) is the only of the oldest and – as it seemed until recently – the best investigated Celtic sites in Poland. The first reports about finds made in its area from 1870 when the site, then lying within the locality Bieskau, started to be quarried for stone. In 1925-1938 the site was investigated in advance of extraction of basalt by German archaeologists. In the post-war period fieldwork was carried out in the still intact fragment of the site by B. Czerska. Although the excavated materials were never published in full the function and dating of the Celtic settlement at Nowa Cerekwia was discussed on many occasions in archaeological literature. The generally accepted interpretation of the settlement was “outstanding rural settlement of production and agricultural type”. This interpretation was formulated basing on the relatively rich finds inventory which comprised e.g., some 67 glass objects and 4 coins. Until recently it seemed that all what could be achieved when it comes to understanding the site at Nowa Cerekwia had already been achieved by the researchers who investigated there. However, in early 2007 I came across information about new finds made by treasure hunters in the area of the settlement site investigated in the past by archaeologists. After some serious detective work I was able to learn that among the materials obtained by amateur prospectors there were thirty or so early Boii coins. Although there was no reason to doubt the reliability of my informers, knowing how rare similar coin finds were then in Poland, I suspected that their reports were vastly exaggerated. To confirm this information, in the autumn of 2007, with a group of amateur treasure hunters I went to Nowa Cerekwia to make a surface survey of the site. The results of our search, continued a year later also in the form of stationary archaeological excavation, surpassed our boldest expectations. The finds from Nowa Cerekwia closely resemble materials discovered in the already famous sites at Němčice (Moravia) and Roseldorf (Lower Austria), although with some small differences, mainly chronological ones. The settlement at Nowa Cerekwia goes back in its origin to phase LT B1. However, early La Tène finds from this site are relatively few, suggesting that its function then was different than in the later period. The majority of small finds can be dated to the middle La Tène (LT C1-C2). At this time, the settlement functioned as a “central place” – centre of production and trade exchange with an interregional significance, centre of distribution of goods produced locally or imported from the South; its recipients were mostly the Celtic communities in Lower Silesia and Lesser Poland but also – Germanic populations from the North.

Iron Age Crafts and Craftsmen in the Carpathian Basin PrOCEEdIngS Of ThE InTErnaTIOnal COllOquIuM frOM Târgu MurEş 10–13 October 2013 Edited by Sándor BErECkI Editura MEga Târgu Mureş 2014 Contents J. Vincent S. MEGAW Preface. Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium held at Târgu Mureş 7 Nathalie GiNoux–Dominique Robcis–Manuel LeRoux–Florence DusseRe Metal Crat and Warrior Elites in the hird Century BC: New Sights from the Carpathian Basin to Gaul 9 Tiberius bADeR Nachbau des Wagens aus dem Fürstengrab von Hochdorf, Deutschland 19 Marcin RuDNicki Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians 33 Peter c. RAMsL La Tène Period Cratsmanship in Eastern Austria 71 ivan DRNić–Ana FRANjić pXRF Analysis of South Pannonian Late Iron Age Silver Artefacts 83 Marko DizDAR Bronze Fibulae with Enamel Inlay from Scordiscan Sites 97 csilla GáTi On the Crossroads of Cultures. Cultural and Trade Connections of the Site of Szajk in South Transdanubia in the Sixth–Fourth Centuries BC 115 zoltán czAjLik Traces of Prehistoric Smelting Workshops in the Carpathian Basin 139 károly TANkÓ Traces of Iron Smelting in La Tène Iron Age Settlement at Ménfőcsanak 147 Attila, HoRváTH M. A Decorated La Tène Sword from the Budapest–Csepel Island 161 katalin ALMássy–Horea PoP Remains of a Pottery Workshop (?) from the Upper Tisza Region 171 Martin FuRMAN A Central European Form of La Tène Ornament: Rings with hree and Four Large Hollow Knobs from Slovakia 183 Gertrúda březiNová La Tène Bone and Antler Artefacts from Nitra 191 jános NéMeTi Pottery Production during the Late Iron Age in North-Western Romania 199 Horea PoP he Metal Smiths’ Settlement at Şimleu Silvaniei–Uliul cel Mic 209 corneliu beLDiMAN–Dan Lucian vAiDA–Diana-Maria szTANcs–carmen PAveL–Florin coNsTANTiN Composite Artefact Discovered in the Celtic Cemetery of Fântânele–La Gâţa (Bistriţa-Năsăud County). Data on Use-Wear Analysis and X-Ray Computed Tomography 217 Mariana eGRi Desirable Goods in the Late Iron Age – he Cratsman’s Perspective 233 Aurel RusToiu–sándor beRecki Celtic Elites and Cratsmen: Mobility and Technological Transfer during the Late Iron Age in the Eastern and South-Eastern Carpathian Basin 249 iosif vasile FeReNcz–Dan Lucian vAiDA Cratsmanship and Crats in the Transylvanian Celtic Horizon 279 Marija LjušTiNA–Miloš sPAsić Scordiscan Potters in Action: A Late Iron Age Pottery Kiln from Karaburma 287 vojislav FiLiPović–Milica TAPAvički-iLić Cratsmen in the Celtic Cemetery of Karaburma, Belgrade 297 Andreea DRăGAN Production and Circulation of La Tène Painted Pottery North of the Lower Danube 301 jan bouzek Hook, Lock, Furnace Rake or a Damaged Sickle for Harvesting Olives? 319 ABBREVIATIONS 325 Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Craft and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians Marcin RUDNICkI Archaeological Institute, Warsaw University Warsaw, Poland rudnis@yahoo.com Keywords: La Tène period, Celts, Upper Silesia, Moravian Gate, central place, trade and production, coinage, Boii he settlement at Nowa Cerekwia is one of the earliest Celtic sites investigated in Poland in what until recently seemed to be a fairly complete manner. he irst reference to discoveries made here goes back to 1870 when a part of the site, then lying within the locality of Bieskau, was made over to a quarry. In advance of its loss to basalt extraction the site was investigated by German archaeologists in the period 1925–1938 (Richthofen 1926, 190–191; Richthofen 1927; Jahn 1931, 66–78, 148–149; Petersen 1935, 140). In the post-war period (1957–1962, 1971 and 1973) Polish archaeologists investigated the remaining part of the site (Czerska1959; 1960; 1976). Although only a small fraction of the excavated material was ever published, the function and dating of the Celtic settlement at Nowa Cerekwia have been addressed in the archaeological literature on numerous occasions. According to the generally accepted view its role was understood to be that of an outstanding rural settlement combining production and agricultural activities (Woźniak 1970, 90, 206–207; Czerska 1976, 102). his interpretation was founded on the relatively rich inventory of inds which included a large series of wheel-thrown vessels, a few dozen personal ornaments of glass and sapropelite and four coins. One of these was a stater, a chance ind made in 1931 (Jahn 1933), the other three coins having been discovered during archaeological ieldwork carried out ater WWII, consisting of a 1/8 stater, an Athena Alkidemos type and two obols, both Roseldorf II type (cf. Czerska 1963, 299, ig. 4g; Czerska 1964, 124, 127, ig. 7). Until recently it seemed that all what could be achieved when it comes to understanding the site at Nowa Cerekwia had already been achieved by the researchers who had already investigated the site. But this was until 2006 when the present writer came across information about discoveries made within the settlement by treasure hunters armed with metal detectors. hanks to the kindness and goodwill of the metal detectorists it was possible to conirm that amongst the objects they had recovered there were thirty or so early coins of the Boii and a few other exciting inds – for instance, bronze igurines of birds. Although there was no reason to challenge the reliability of the informants, given the modest number of objects attributable to Celts known from present-day Poland, their reports sounded quite exciting. Some of the recovered objects, such as the zoomorphic igurines, had no analogies among inds made so far to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetesland. To conirm whether the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia indeed still harbours some secrets, in 2007, assisted by a group of detectorists1 and with the 1 My warmest thanks go to all the ield workers who took part in this project, for their selless assistance and commitment as a result of which it was possible to make the sensational discoveries at Nowa Cerekwia. Special thanks go to Piotr Adamkiewicz, Mirek Bieniecki, Bohdan Kreczko, Sławek Kreczko, Sławomir Miłek, Janusz Modzelewski, Piotr Ducki, Mirosław Staroń, Piotr Szyngiera, Artur Troncik (‘Saper’), Jacek Wielgus, Romek (‘Stein’), Wojtek (‘Prezesszczepan’) and Kopacz. Iron Age Crats and Cratsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2014, p. 33–70 34 | M. Rudnicki participation of an archaeologist, M. Bednarek, a surface survey was made of the site. he results of this ieldwork, which continued in the following year in the form of regular archaeological excavation,2 exceeded my boldest expectations: several hundred Celtic artefacts, not the least of which amongst them being 211 gold, silver and bronze coins. At present this assemblage of the newly recovered inds associated with the Celtic settlement at Nowa Cerekwia – both the result of archaeological survey and from amateur prospecting – is signiicantly in excess of 1000 items. What is unfortunate, however, is that we may never know their exact number because ever since the end of the archaeological ieldwork in 2008 the area of the settlement has been investigated regularly by detectorists and news of their discoveries are very rarely formally recorded. he new inds from the surface survey carried out at Nowa Cerekwia have yet to be analysed and published in detail – they have been reported on briely (Bednarek–Rudnicki 2012, 1390) as have been the coin inds (Rudnicki 2012, 44–51). he present study is the irst more extensive presentation of the recovered material. As an introductory analysis it does not pretend to exhaust all of the individual inds, of which some are unique and some simply spectacular. To make a multi-faceted analysis of this vast and diverse material would be to undertake a labour-intensive project which, in practice, could delay indeinitely the sharing the results of the new ieldwork at Nowa Cerekwia. And yet the signiicance of the discoveries in recent years has furnished a basis for an updated interpretation of the nature of the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia and the role it played in the settlement network of Central European Celts. Conclusions to be drawn from the interpretation of this material are essential for understanding the processes of settlement change which swept across Central Europe during the period between the Middle and Late La Tène period. Fig. 1. Locality of Nowa Cerekwia and of Celtic settlement within the present-day territory of Poland. 2 his was a part of a project involving a rescue excavation of the archaeological site at Nowa Cerekwia 4, in the commune Kietrz, (which was under threat) as well as analysis and conservation of archaeological artefacts from this site carried out under the Operational Programme Cultural Heritage, priority: Conservation of Archaeological Heritage, from the resources of Fundusz Promocji Kultury, the Government fund for promoting culture. (Archeologiczne, ratownicze badania wykopaliskowe na zagrożonym rabunkiem i zniszczonym stanowisku archeologicznym w Nowej Cerekwi st. 4, gm. Kietrz oraz opracowanie i konserwacja zabytków archeologicznych). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 35 Nowa Cerekwia, a small locality in the province of Opole (gm. Kietrz, pow. głubczycki) in Upper Silesia, lies on the border between two major zones in Europe, the Bohemian Massif and Central European Lowlands. A very important aspect of the geophysical setting of Nowa Cerekwia, highly signiicant for the character of Celtic settlement in this region, is its location in a broad depression between the Sudetesland and the Carpathians – the Moravian Gate (Fig. 1). Dividing these two great mountain ranges the depression of the Moravian Gate throughout antiquity continued to be used as a major communication route linking the south of Europe with the Baltic Sea basin – the Iron Age route described by archaeologists as the Amber Route. he Głubczyce plateau where Nowa Cerekwia lies is basically a loess upland dissected by deep river valleys and smaller ravines. Owing to its very fertile soils this is an area mainly cleared of forest and under intensive agricultural use. he Głubczyce plateau is sometimes classiied as highland on the grounds of its substantial elevation above the sea level (between 200 and ca. 320 m) and its mixed, partly folded relief. One of its characteristic features is small volcanic monad rocks or erosion resistant rocks. One of these letovers of Tertiary volcanism is found at Nowa Cerekwia and its summit was used for the site of a Celtic settlement (Site 4) – situated about 1500 m to the south-east of the village of Nowa Cerekwia (Pl. 1). In its immediate vicinity there is – at least nowadays – no source of running water. he closest, larger stream is the Troja which lows through Nowa Cerekwia. Up to the present this is the only case of this kind of siting of a Celtic settlement recorded in the territory under Celtic settlement to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetesland. As a rule, La Tène settlements were sited on relatively low lying ground in the neighbourhood of a stream. he history of archaeological investigation of Site 4 at Nowa Cerekwia goes back at least to the second half of the nineteenth century. When in 1870, a farmer named Lammich was opening up a quarry in the basalt hillside – at a location known locally as Altstett (from German Alte Stadt – old town), his workmen came across some spearheads and Celtic objects of green and blue glass (Newrzella 1981, 16). Especially important information about the discovery of weapons, obtained from Lammich’s son, was previously unknown to archaeologists. Meanwhile, the new discoveries have created new possibilities for interpreting these inds as will be noticed below. he workmen concluded that the objects they had stumbled across were the property of a young woman taken from her by robbers. As basalt continued to be extracted over the years (Pl. 2/1) more new objects came to light, for instance, personal ornaments made of glass-beads and bracelet fragments. However, the irst small archaeological excavation was made in 1925, by the extreme right wing B. von Richthofen. One of his discoveries was a Celtic pottery kiln. he next excavation in the region of the quarry was carried out, sometime later by O. Hanske and G. Raschke. his was in 1927, and then from 1934 to 1936 and again in 1938. In 1935 M. Stiebler, the head of the commune of nearby Bieskau, an amateur antiquarian and local activist and the source of many valuable details about the inds made at Nowa Cerekwia before World War II, was digging potatoes in the general area of the prior investigations and discovered a Celtic gold coin, subsequently identiied as a stater, of the Plumlov type (cf. Kolníková 1998, 22, pl. 1/4; Castelin 1965, 11, no. A-2a, pl. 1/11). Archaeological excavation projects carried out at the time were mostly of a rescue character. heir aim was to explore and record what would be soon lost to the ever-expanding quarry. It is not entirely clear what the German researchers had excavated during their ieldwork as to this day neither the full body of this archaeological record nor the ield documentation has been brought together. he surviving archival record assembled by B. Czerska reports the discovery during the interwar years of nineteen features, namely: a pottery kiln (Pl. 2/4), eleven ‘houses’3 (Pl. 2/2–3), six pits and a hearth. However, we still do not know their precise location or their precise lay-out. And this record may be far from complete. According to the account given by M. Stiebler – witness to further discoveries made at Nowa Cerekwia – before WWII a total of 30 pit-houses with post-holes indicated by their black illing had been excavated – not counting those destroyed by the quarry (Newrzella 1981, 17). Most of these pits measured 4 × 4 m, while quite a few were 4 × 8 m (Stiebler 1965, 9). his list of features is rounded of by a vaguely described area “where pottery was ired” (Stiebler 1965, 9). Also unknown is the dating and cultural attribution of the alleged inds of a bank said to have enclosed an area 1 km in diameter with the quarry at its centre. Even before World War II the remains of this site, identiied 3 ‘Pit-house’ is a better term. 36 | M. Rudnicki by Raschke, were very hard to detect and certainly unrecognizable to the layman (Stiebler 1965, 9; Newrzella 1981). he possible existence of this structure, not conirmed by ieldwork carried out ater WWII, was later used to argue, deinitely incorrectly, that the settlement played the role of a fortiied proto-urban centre or oppidum (Pescheck 1970, 228). Even less is known about the portable inds discovered during this period, references to which have survived in just a few publications. Next to pottery and bones they include quern stones, beads and fragments of “many pieces” of bracelets of glass, sapropelite, bronze ibulae and the gold coin mentioned earlier. Ater the end of WWII ield-work on the settlement, now recorded as site no. 4, was resumed. In 1957–1962, 1971 and 1973 it was run by B. Czerska of the Chair of Archaeology of the University of Wrocław. his ieldwork focused on the surviving portion of the settlement to the east and the southeast of the basalt quarry (Pl. 3). At this time a total area of approximately 8300 square metres was investigated, exposing the remains of twelve features interpreted by Czerska as ‘houses’,4 eight pits, one hearth and an otherwise unidentiied concentration of burnt clay or daub. Apart from a single Neolithic pit-house all the other features and most of the artefacts could be attributed to La Tène settlement. During this ieldwork a vast quantity of artefacts was secured, the majority being potsherds, as many as 87% being from wheel-thrown wares. Amongst other inds there were two silver coins (obols, Roseldorf II type) and one gold coin (1/8 stater, Athena Alkidemos type), a fragment of a bronze belt fastener (?) with a horse-head terminal, fragments of several bronze and iron Middle La Tène ibulae, fragments of bracelets made of sapropelite and of iron and one made of bronze, beads and fragments of glass bracelets, bronze rings (parts of women’s chain belts), small amber objects and iron tools (including shears and an axe). he total number of inds documenting the material status of inhabitants in the settlement accumulated up till the end of investigations in 1973 may be estimated only for coins and glass. If we take into account the registered inds from before WWII, 67 glass objects were recorded, of which 31 were bracelet fragments, and the remainder, mostly beads (Karwowski 1997, 60–61, 65–66), as well as the four coins mentioned earlier – two gold and two silver. All the later inds, made both by detectorists before 2007 and later by archaeologists, come from the upper levels of the modern topsoil. his is a deposit formed of soil from spoil heaps thrown up during the archaeological excavations of 1957–1962, 1971 and 1973 and used at the end of the dig to ill in the trenches and level the ground in the area of the site. It may be safe to state that only a small fraction of objects discovered recently escaped detection during exploration of structures during the seasons when Czerska was directing the excavations. A vast majority would be objects which had lain within the upper level of the topsoil which was removed by machinery without any further examination during the excavation – something that unfortunately to this day is oten the practice during archaeological research in Poland. And yet this is the layer that contains objects either accidentally dropped or discarded in the past on what was then the ground level. his can be conirmed by the situation observed at Roseldorf (Bez. Hollabrunn, Niederösterreich) where the vast majority of coins were found in the plough soil and only a small number during the actual excavation. Also, all the coin inds recovered so far at the open site of Němčice, which now go into thousands, come from the upper level of the humus. he assemblage of new inds from the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia comprise irst of all objects made of non-ferrous metals such as copper alloy, silver and gold. he number of iron objects is small which must be the consequence of the method which was adopted when doing the investigation. Given the extreme saturation of the area with modern iron objects, complete with shrapnel from World War II5 it was necessary to use some form of discrimination. Obviously, objects made from non-ferrous metals, especially silver and gold, are the primary object of detectorists. his makes their recovery a priority issue in a situation where a valuable site cannot be protected efectively using normal methods. At the same time the potential value of objects made of non-ferrous metals discovered on the site in view of their chronological homogeneity, is hard to exaggerate. If we omit modern objects from the area of interest we are let with only a handful of artefacts not linked to the functioning of the La Tène 4 5 Assigning to this group also the remains of a rectangular ditch around an inhumation burial (cf. Bednarek 1994). A German artillery unit had been stationed on the site of the settlement. Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 37 settlement. Until 2008 these included two Bronze Age dress pins and the bow of an Almgren 84 ibula from the close of the early Roman period. A positive aspect of this situation is that it helps in identifying the culture attribution of uncharacteristic objects. Almost all inds of this type recognizable by their method of manufacture or patina as dating to antiquity may be safely dated to the La Tène period. he overview of the new inds given below is into two parts. he irst part covers typical ‘archaeological’ objects, such as personal ornaments, dress accessories and so forth while the second part covers numismatic inds, coins and features associated with minting activity. Dress accessories Other than coins one of the largest categories of objects amongst the new inds from the area of the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia, are fragments of dress accessories. heir preservation in some cases prevents their closer typological attribution, at least at this early stage of analysis. Fibulae, which play the role of the best dating markers on La Tène sites in the group of inds from Nowa Cerekwia, are represented by a few dozen specimens which fall broadly into two chronological groups. At this point we have to bear in mind that a marked disproportion in their number are the result of the method of identiication applied of necessity which, in practice prevented the recovery of smaller iron objects. Meanwhile, in the material from ieldwork at Czerska typologically the earliest ibulae were made of iron. his situation is conirmed in inds from Celtic burials discovered at Kietrz only 6 km from Nowa Cerekwia. Most of the graves discovered there are attributable to LT B, the youngest of them to the early stage of Middle La Tène. Out of 46 La Tène ibulae excavated in the cemetery at Kietrz no less than 39 were made of iron (Gedl 1978, 17). he older group (LT B–C1) includes fragments of a ibula with a spherical knob on the foot or plain (Pl. 4/1) or with a plastic ornament (Pl. 4/2), or most frequently lattened (Pl. 4/3–4). Spherical knobs with a plastic ornament are a typical feature of ibulae from phase LT B2, characteristic mainly for the Carpathian Basin area. Following the classiication which J. Bujna has developed using the indings from analysis of grave assemblages without weapons known from Slovakia, bronze ibulae with a large spherical knob, usually lattened and with a plastic ornament, are assigned to type BF-C3-A (Bujna 2003, 51, ig. 12). his type of late variants of ibulae of early La Tène design are recognized by Bujna as diagnostic for the period of transition between phases LT B2 and C1. Spherical knobs with a plastic decoration analogous to those seen on the inds from Nowa Cerekwia have been recorded in Moravia as for example in the cemetery at Holubice–Dílce, okr. Vyškovin grave no. 21 dated to phase LT B2 (Čižmářová J. 2009, 53, pl. 10/3–5) and in the settlement at Němčice, okr. Prostějov, where they form the oldest horizon of brooch inds (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 262, ig. 1/2, 4–5). he similarity of inds from Nowa Cerekwia and Němčice in this case is not accidental for, as will soon become apparent; there are many more analogies in the repertory of inds from these two sites. At Kietrz, grave no. 2300 contained a ibula with a spherical knob on the foot and a plastic ornament. Partly made of iron, this specimen has a heavy bronze bow and the knob covered with a plastic ornament (Gedl 1978, 19, pl. 11/3). his type of ibula is one of the markers of Horizont 4 of lat graves (Gebhard 1989, ig. 33/2; 35/5) which corresponds to the older part of phase LT B2. Presumably we can assign to the younger stage of phase LT B the plain spherical knob set on an iron foot (Pl. 4/1) – similarly to the specimen from Kietrz. Also attributable to the older group of ibulae from Nowa Cerekwia is a small specimen which survives only as a fragment of a markedly arched bow (Pl. 4/5). A closer determination of this ind from the surviving fragments may be impracticable. he most recent group of ibulae recovered at Nowa Cerekwia is formed by a large number of Mötschwil type specimens (Pl. 4/6–11). hey account for over a half of all ibulae recovered at Nowa Cerekwia, which situation closely resembles the one observed in the material record from Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 262). Some of the Mötschwil ibulae have a plain bow, others, a proiled one. Attention is drawn in this inventory to a handful of smaller specimens (Pl. 4/11), which might be considered identical with the early variant of this ibula type known from the cemetery at Mokronog (cf. Guštin 1977, pl. 12), and also from Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 262). However, in our case their poor state of preservation prevents us from making any conclusion of this sort. Mötschwil type ibulae are regarded as the principal marker of phase LT C2 (Hodson 1968, 38; Polenz 1971, 43–44; Polenz 1982, 109; Stöckli 1974, 369, ig. 1; Krämer 1985, 29). In the typology of Gebhard (1991, 7–8, 38 | M. Rudnicki ig. 1/1) they are designated as Group 1. Some of the type Mötschwil specimens have an ornamented (Stähli 1977, pl. 3) or a fairly slender bow (Krämer 1985, pl. 23/2). heir largest number is known from Switzerland where the eponymous site for this type is located (Stähli 1977, 83–87, ig. 19). Mötschwil type ibulae are observed in many regions of La Tène settlement: Rhineland, Bavaria, Württemberg, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, the Carpathian Basin and in the northern Balkans (Čižmář 1970, 570). A large number of inds of Mötschwil type ibulae is known also from settlement sites in Slovakia (Pieta 2008, ig. 14A). With typologically related specimens (e.g. from Podwiesk: Bokiniec 2005, pl. 86; 251/3) they are recorded in a relatively large number to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetesland and also in areas not under Celtic occupation (pl. 11/2). Mötschwil type is known from only a few inds from an oppidum context (Meduna 1970, 57–58; Jansová 1986, pl. 35/25) where they are thought to deine the oldest horizon of these centres in Central Europe. However, there is no denying that the greatest concentration of inds of Mötschwil type brooches in this region is observed at Němčice and at Nowa Cerekwia. In the inventory of dress accessories even more numerous than ibulae are fragments of women’s chain belts made of bronze which are attributable to several types. One of the better represented are links which have the form of a globular knob, oten lattened to a varying degree, set between two rectangular or trapezoidal plates. On the outer edges of the plates are two or three holes for attaching the linking chain. Belts made of symmetrical links of this design are known only from settlement sites in Central Europe. he irst to draw attention to these belts was J. Werner (1979) who brought together the small number of early inds of this type from the Middle Danube region. he next to address the question of inds of women’s chain belts in this area was Pieta (2000, 142) who took interest in the type of belt under discussion thanks to inds from the alleged sacred site of Seravy near to the hill-fort of Čertova Skala, close to Trenčianske Teplice in western Slovakia. He proposed to date this form to the Late La Tène period. his chronology was elaborated by Čižmář using his indings from the analysis of the material from Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 264, ig. 5/1–3). Taking into account the chronology of materials from this centre in Moravia and the scarcity of these belts in grave assemblages, Čižmář concluded that chronologically they belong in phase LT C2. he concentration of inds of this type of dress accessory in Moravia was used to argue that this is where they were manufactured, in particular in the settlement at Němčice where their half-products had been recovered (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, ig. 6/3, 5, 7). he question of these belts was addressed more recently by Bujna (2011, 123–124, ig. 52) who assigned them to group Gk-R of his typological system. At the same time he observed that their scarcity in grave inventories in lat cemeteries and the lack of inds from chronological contexts makes it possible to date these elements of clothing only very broadly within phases LT C2–D1. Analysis of the chronological context of all the inds from Nowa Cerekwia leads us to state that deinitely Čižmář was right to argue that the production of these elements of female dress coincides with phase LT C2. However at the current stage of research we cannot rule out that it is not impossible to postulate the continuity of this form during the Late La Tène period. Nevertheless some doubt in this respect is raised by the shortage of inds of these artefacts which have been recovered from oppida contexts. We have to note also that the belt links recovered at Nowa Cerekwia – at least the better preserved ones – difer quite signiicantly from variants known so far and have no analogies in the material record currently available. his applies to a specimen (Pl. 4/12) which is not symmetrical and has a central section in two parts: one of them egg-shaped, the other of hourglass shape. We may surmise that this was also the design of a heavy link (Pl. 4/13) ending in trapezoidal plates decorated with a motif of concentric rings and an S-shaped ornament illed with enamel. It is also notable that these two unusual links have traces of having been exposed to high temperature. A few other inds may possibly be elements of this type of belt chain (Pl. 4/14–16). But, equally, they could represent a slightly diferent type: one with a horizontal ring between two rectangular or trapezoidal plates. A belt of this type, with links itted with rectangular plates, was part of the inventory of a woman’s grave discovered at Křepice (okr. Břeclav) in south Moravia. Other elements of this inventory date the whole assemblage to phase LT C1 (cf. Čižmářová J. 2004, 215). An intact belt, but with roughly trapezoidal plates for link attachment was discovered at Oberrohrbach (Lower Austria). Presumably it belonged to the inventory of a female cremation burial which is dated by ibulae (group EF-K of Bujna) to the younger horizon of phase LT C1 (cf. Lauermann 1989; Bujna 2011, 121). Finds of links with Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 39 rectangular plates were recorded in the assemblage of inds from the settlement at Němčice repeatedly invoked here, which site also yielded evidence on their manufacture (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 264, ig. 5/5–6). Bujna (2011, 121–122, ig. 51) assigned these belts to his group Gk-P, which he proposes to date to phase LT C1 based on the grave inds from Moravia and Lower Austria mentioned earlier. Elements of bronze belts of interest are represented in the inds inventory from Nowa Cerekwia by fragments of links. One of these (Pl. 4/17) comes from a belt, type Gk-P-2b of Bujna, similarly as the ind from Landkreis Laufen (?) published by Krämer (1985, Taf. 53 E/12). he distinctive elements in these links are the trapezoidal plates, which are divided from the central ring not by a constriction but by a thickened rib. he next fragment (Pl. 4/18) is most likely to belong to Bujna’s type Gk-P-3a, similar to one of the fragments discovered at Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, ig. 5/6). Another ind that can be classiied in this typological group is a fragment of a link with plates decorated with enamel and one hole still in place (Pl. 4/19). Although its state of preservation prevents its closer attribution, this ind may represent a belt chain variant not recorded in the past. Deinitely unique is an openwork link which, instead of two plates on two sides of the ring, has outlines of stylized birds, their beaks touching (Pl. 4/20). In the group of inds of belt chain fragments from Nowa Cerekwia there are links from a belt (Pl. 4/21–22) of a type described in the literature as ‘Middle German’ (mitteldeutscher Typus), which term was introduced by h. Voigt (1958, 435, 462). His work was cited by Reitinger (1966, 213–214, ig. 9/2, 3; 10/21), who proposed to describe as mitteldeutscher belts made of stubby links divided into two by a bar-like rib and ending on both sides in knobs, analogical to our ind from Nowa Cerekwia. his type of belt is characteristic mainly for the Mittelgebirge region of Germany and is more rarely encountered in the Middle Rhine, in Austria, in Bohemia, and across the Carpathian Basin (Bieger 2003, list 16, map 18). Links from this type of belt chain are quite numerous to the north of the Carpathians. One of them was the only element of grave furnishings in a cemetery of the Przeworsk culture at Warsaw-Wilanów (Marciniak 1957, pl. 78/16), from a Celtic settlement at Pełczyska (pow. pińczowski) in the western part of Lesser Poland and in settlements of the Przeworsk culture at Kamień (pow. kaliski) and Gąski (pow. inowrocławski) in Central Poland. his fairly rich record is due to the fact that the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia was a centre of production of chain belts of this very type. his is suggested by an uninished link (Pl. 5/1) discovered during Czerska’s investigation. In these circumstances the name ‘Middle German’, suggesting as it does a geographical connection of these chain belts with Central Germany, seems misleading. But questions of terminology aside we may conclude that the period of popularity of belts of interest to us here coincides with phase LT C1. his dating is the result of the conclusions of Bujna who deined belts composed of links analogical to the ind from Nowa Cerekwia as variant J-AXa in his group Gk-J (Bujna 2011, 100–105). Among the inds of bronze belt chains recovered from Nowa Cerekwia there is a fragment of a cross-shaped link decorated with enamel (Pl. 5/2). Its preservation is too poor to determine conclusively the typological position of the original belt. his is because cross-shaped links appear in two types of belt chain, one of which is the Austrian-Bohemian type (Reitinger 1966, 213 ig. 9/15–19). At the same time possible chronological diferences between the types are not too great as both date to LT C1 (Bujna 2011, 100–101, 106–107, 137–140, groups Gk-J and Gk-K). Similar doubts apply to a bronze element decorated with enamel with a stylized animal-head terminal (Pl. 5/3). his form of terminal is without any exact analogies in the La Tène world. Worse still, it is not fully clear where exactly in the belt this element used to it. Given its hook-like terminal in the form of a stylized animal-head it could be the fastener. If we accept this interpretation we have to question the method of attachment of this element to the rest of the belt. Chain belt terminals, depending on whether they were main or side fasteners, were attached to the rest of the belt with a horizontal sleeve on the opposite side to the hook, or with vertical sleeves (in case of the side terminals), in which were ixed ornamental links or bronze rings. his irst solution would apply to the element – presumably a belt tag – from Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 264, ig. 5/9). If we set aside the diference of design this artefact is stylistically a very close parallel to the ind from Nowa Cerekwia. While the belt tag from Němčice has a horizontal loop attached to it our specimen has a narrow frame around which survives a ring of bronze sheet. A similar feature is seen on an ornamental attachment from a belt of Austrian-Bohemian type part of the inventory of inhumation grave no. 67 from late 40 | M. Rudnicki LT C1 discovered in the cemetery at Palárikovo (okr. Nové Zámky) in south-western Slovakia (Benadik 1975, 98; Zachar 1987, 166, ig. 159–161; Bujna 2011, 106, ig. 44/1a–c). In its design and ornamentation this piece closely resembles the ind from Nowa Cerekwia. Basically the diference is that the belt attachment from Palárikovo has no hook-like terminal. Instead, to the V-shaped terminal of its frame-like construction are attached two decorative pendants. What is also striking is the similarity of the stylised animal head represented by the ind from Nowa Cerekwia and on the main terminal of the belt chain from Palárikovo. It is possible that the ind from the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia is an ornamental belt attachment rather than a belt terminal. A belt attachment of a similar form but not decorated with enamel and with a ring in place of the animal head, was discovered at Stradonice u Libochovic (Kruta–Lička 2004, pl. 11/16). Taking into account such features such as form, proportions and ornamentation technique, it seems quite likely that the belt attachments from Němčice, Nowa Cerekwia and Palárikovo were made in the same workshop or by the same cratsman. In case of inds from the two latter sites this is supported also by the analogical form of the stylised animal heads serving the role of hooks (see earlier discussion). Presumably we can add to this group of inds of women’s chain belts elements a few more objects (Pl. 5/4–7) which have no analogies in the material record amassed so far namely, bronze objects in the form of two sleeves separated by a variously accentuated constriction. In one of them the outer parts of the sleeves are lightly proiled and decorated with a motif of a diagonal cross (Pl. 5/4). his specimen resembles somewhat belt links from the oppidum Stradonice (Píč 1903, pl. XV/1; XXI/24). In the other specimens the outer surface is plain. here is no doubt however that these are not fragments of larger objects, or uninished products of, for example, bronze beads. Despite the lack of analogies, the size and traces of wear indicate that these are most likely to have been belt chain links. If this tentative interpretation is conirmed then it may be justiied to describe these forms as the ‘Silesian’ type. Similar links are known from locations other than Nowa Cerekwia. One, as yet unpublished, specimen, comes from the writer’s own ield work at the Celtic settlement at Pełczyska (pow. pińczowski) in western Lesser Poland. he simple form of these specimens which is close to the style of the inds from Stradonice, and also the shortage of similar inds from grave contexts, are a strong argument in favour of dating these objects to not earlier than phase LT C2 and LT D1. In the collection of new inds from Nowa Cerekwia there are quite a large number of bronze rings of various diameters and cross-sections (Pl. 5/8–22). Most of them presumably are elements connecting the links of the belt chain, a typical feature of most women’s bronze chain belts of Austrian-Bohemian, Middle German, Swiss and Hungarian type (cf. Reitinger 1966, 205). In the main, the only exceptions are belts in which the links are connected with a chain (cf. Bujna 2011, 121–124). he function of the inds from Nowa Cerekwia is conirmed in a few cases by evidence of use-wear observed on the metal where it would have rubbed against the belt link (Pl. 5/9, 21). Continued friction could have caused the ring to fracture (Pl. 5/18–19). Equally numerous as the rings in this group of inds are bronze pendants (Pl. 5/23–34) which served as terminals of a belt chain. his is similar to those recorded in, once again, the settlement at Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 264, ig. 5/13–20) where the range of inds is very similar. here is similarity also in the design of these pendants of which many, at both sites, are bipartite forms, pear-shaped with a thickened terminal (Pl. 5/23–24). Also notable is the presence of similar single pendants (Pl. 5/25), some with an unthicken terminal (Pl. 5/26), and some spindle-shaped forms too (Pl. 5/27–29). A separate group have oblong and lattened pendants (Pl. 5/31–34), some of them with punched ornament (Pl. 5/32–33) or decorated with enamel (Pl. 5/31, 34). he pendants recovered at Nowa Cerekwia have numerous analogies not only among the inds from Němčice but also from many other La Tène sites (Bujna 2011, 65; Čižmářová J. 2005, ig. 75/6; Filip 1956, Tab. XLIII/4–5; Krämer 1985, Taf. 13/1; 79/5). Spindle-shaped pendants formed part of a complete belt of Austrian-Bohemian type, an element of the inventory of grave no. 13 in the cemetery at Giengen an der Brenz in Württemberg (Polenz 1982, 67, 68, Abb. 8/2). Polenz proposes to date this assemblage to the early stage of LT C1 (Polenz 1982, 116) although ibulae found in the Giengen cemetery (Polenz 1982, 66, Abb. 7/1–8) resemble in their design forms characteristic for the close of that phase (cf. Bujna 2003, 58, ig. 25). A pendant for the specimen decorated with red enamel (Pl. 5/31) is known from Brno-Lišeň–Staré Zámky (Čižmářová H. 2012, 187, pl. I/2). It should be noted that inds of this type of object have been recorded also to north of the Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 41 Carpathians in western Lesser Poland, one of them at Wyciąże (Poleska 2006, ig. 21/22), the other in the settlement site at Zagórzyce (an unpublished ind, pers. com. M. Grygiel). Also noteworthy is a pendant (Pl. 5/30) with a plastic triangular knob with a central dent and a diagonal cross, possibly intended for enamel inlay. It has a very close analogy in the belt from Palárikovo in Slovakia (cf. Benadik 1975, 98; Zachar 1987, 166, ig. 159–161; Bujna 2011, 106, ig. 44/1a–c). he list of belt chain fragments recovered at Nowa Cerekwia is completed by a series of fasteners or buckles (Pl. 6/1–3). Poor conservation hinders their typological classiication. Found among them are specimens with a hook terminal in the form of a stylised animal head with bulging eyes (Pl. 6/1). Hooks of similar form are a feature oten observed on fasteners or buckles of Celtic chain-belts. A highly similar terminal is seen on the side fastener of the belt from Palárikovo just noted and on a Hungarian-type belt chain from Raggendorf (Lauermann 2009, ig. 1–5). In this group of inds there are also simple forms of buckles or fasteners with a leaf-shaped plate and a hook-like terminal (Pl. 6/2–3). Even in their fragmented condition it can be ascertained that in one case lush with the plate there was a ring. Simple belt fasteners or buckles of this form are much rarer than specimens with stylised animal representations. A specimen of a similar design was recorded at Lenešice (okr. Louny) in north-western Bohemia (Filip 1956, pl. XLIII/6). Women’s chain-belts appear in graves of Horizont 5 of lat graves (Gebhard 1989, ig. 45). he period of their greatest popularity is in LT C1 but inds from oppida contexts and also some late grave inventories (e.g. from Bavaria, Krämer 1985, pl. 1/7; 8/1, 4; 23/1) conirm their widespread use during LT C2, possibly even in LT D. he belt chain fragments from Nowa Cerekwia may be dated to LT C1 and LT C2; this is indicated by most analogies invoked here. A closer dating of individual elements of women’s chain-belts is a challenge. In many cases some of the characteristic elements (buckles or fasteners, links, pendants) were all ixed to one and the same belt which could be one of a number of types. It is worth noting that these dress accessories were oten quite elaborate, presumably assembled from elements selected from what individual cratsmen had in stock. A conclusive identiication of separate belt types is possible only in some cases. In this situation the classiication and dating of these inds from settlement contexts, surviving fragmented as a rule has to be matched against a serious degree of error. Personal ornaments he dominant ind in the group of personal ornaments made of bronze recovered from the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia are fragments of bracelets and anklets (Pl. 6/4–11). Possibly the oldest among them is an uninished segment of a bracelet in the form of a plain, round-sectioned ingot with thickened and proiled terminals (Pl. 6/4). his is a form highly characteristic for LT B1. In the classiication of Bujna (2005, 12–15) it corresponds to types BR-A1-Ba (bracelets) and types BR-A2 (anklets). heir dating, conined to the older phase of LT B, is conirmed also by inds from cemeteries in Moravia, e.g., from grave no. 45 in the cemetery of Holubice–Dílce (Čižmářová J. 2009, 53, pl. 18/17) and Heršpice 3–Na újezdech (Čižmářová J. 2013, 33, 190, pl. 16/13). he survival of this form into LT B2 is conirmed by its presence in the inventory of burial no. 11 in the cemetery at Manching–Hundsrucken (Krämer 1985, 23, pl. 31/9). An equally early dating may be that for a bracelet also made from an ingot, decorated with closely spaced transverse incisions, with thickened terminals (Pl 6/5). his is because their closest counterparts in the typology of Bujna (2005, 18–19) are forms classiied as types BR-B1-Aa, dated by the present writer to LT B1b. Even so, in south Bavaria similar forms are one of the markers for Horizont 4 of lat cemeteries (Gebhard 1989, ig. 39/19), which corresponds to the older phase of LT B2. Ingot bracelets, possibly anklets, decorated with closely spaced incisions are one of the markers of the same horizon also in Moravia and in Bohemia (Gebhard 1989, ig. 33/13; 35/15). he largest group of bracelets are made of more slender ingots. he form with proiled terminals (Pl. 6/7) has parallels in Early La Tène grave inventories recorded in Moravia (Čižmářová J. 2009, pl. 21/17). On the other hand, specimens decorated around their circumference with engraved ornament (Pl. 6/6, 8) have very good analogies in the material from Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 262, ig. 2/5, 7–9). his Moravian centre has also yielded fragments of ornaments decorated with pseudoiligree (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, ig. 2/10, 12) on which is seen a ring-and-dot design – the same as on one of the inds from Nowa Cerekwia (Pl. 6/9). Even so, the best stylistic analogy for our ind appears 42 | M. Rudnicki to be the neck ring from grave no. 70 in the cemetery at Holubice (Čižmářová J. 2012, 204, pl. VIII/6). Presumably, the personal ornament from Nowa Cerekwia also had four ornamented thickened bulges spaced on its perimeter at even intervals. It probably dates to LT B2, as is also the case of the neck ring from Holubice and other ornaments with a similar, ‘quadripartite’ design from Moravia (Čižmářová J. 2012). here are also good analogies to be found in the material from Moravia for another bracelet, decorated around its circumference with bronze knobs in groups of three (Pl. 6/10). Even if we have only a small fragment of this specimen we may conclude that it resembled bracelets found in graves no. 64 and 67 in the cemetery at Holubice–Dílce (Čižmářová J. 2009, 53, pl. 25/13; 26/8, 11). he former contained a Münsingen ibula and represents the older phase of this cemetery (LT B1); the second grave assemblage is younger (LT B2). he other ind – a bracelet, possibly an anklet (Pl. 6/11) – is quite unique and has no analogy in the category of bronze personal ornaments. Originally it consisted of three segments attached with hinges. Given its characteristic cross-section its prototypes may be found among glass bracelets with three ribs. In this case we can suggest Haevernick’s types 5b, 6a, 6b and 6d which difer in the colour of their glass and style of ornament but not in their cross-section. Consequently we cannot say which of these types provided the direct inspiration for the ornament and this afects the question of its dating. Bracelets of type 5b are rare, their chronology coincides with LT C1 (Venclová 1990, p. 118). A similar dating is feasible for bracelets type 6b/1 while the slightly younger type 6b/2 – belongs in stage LT C1b (Karwowski 2004, 65, ig. 17). he chronology of type 6d is similar, correlation being based on analysis of inds from present-day Austria dating to LT C1b-C2 (Karwowski 2004, 77, ig. 25). Of the class of ornaments of the greatest interest to us here the most widespread in the western region of Central Europe is type 6a. It appears during LT C1, but it is seen also in LT C2, and even during the Late La Tène period (Venclová 1990, 119–120). hus it follows from the evidence cited above dating the ind from Nowa Cerekwia more closely than between LT C1 and C2 may not be feasible. Amongst the inds inventory under analysis here is a fragment of a Hohlbuckelringe or anklet composed of hollow hemispheres (Pl. 6/12). Ornaments of this type are a characteristic element of the grave goods in burials of Celtic women, especially in the central and eastern zone of La Tène culture. As they tended to evolve relatively steadily across time they are a fairly reliable chronologically diagnostic form. According to Gebhard (1989, ig. 45) specimens which consist of more than ten hemispheres are observed in Horizont 4 of lat graves, while those of less than ten hemispheres are attributable to Horizont 5, and those with less than ive hemispheres appear in association with forms from Horizont 6. he period of greatest popularity of anklets with hollow hemispheres is during LT B2 (Krämer 1962, 35; Gebhard 1989, 120). he specimen from Nowa Cerekwia survives in a much fragmented state but the reconstructed form and the dimensions of its surviving hemispheres indicate that there may have been more than ive of them. It is hard to conclude as to what fragment of what personal ornament or what dress accessory is the next item in the inventory of inds from Nowa Cerekwia – a cluster of three knobs decorated with punch-marks (Pl. 6/13). his object brings to mind the inds from the settlement at Němčice some of which are interpreted by J. Čižmářová (2012, 208, pl. X/19–21) as belt-chain links, others as spacers of bead necklaces. However we cannot discount that in our case this may be a decorative element of a bracelet ornamented with pseudo-iligree. A ind without analogies whatsoever is a fragment of a hoop of bronze sheet with raised edges between which there are hemispherical knobs (Pl. 6/14). In view of its small reconstructed diameter this object may be interpreted as a fragment of a inger-ring. A possible personal ornament could be the bronze igurine of a stylised human, arms crossed over the breast (Pl. 6/15). It survives nearly complete missing only a fractured eyelet. One of the eye sockets retains a residue of black enamel which may have also decorated the round impressions above the arms. Although this artefact lacks exact analogies similar, small anthropomorphic igurines are recorded pretty much everywhere on the Celtic territory (cf. Čižmář 2012, 147, ig. 1–4). Five inds of this description were found in the inventory of Němčice. One of them (Pl. 6/16), despite some diferences, resembles the artefact from Nowa Cerekwia. Small igurines of humans are relatively numerous in the Italic and Etruscan environment as early during Hallstatt and Early La Tène periods (Lippert 1994). But, Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 43 according to Čižmář (2012, 147), the igurines from Němčice and other sites in Moravia difer substantially stylistically from the Italian examples and their origin is best traced to the Celtic territory north of the Alps. he presence of the eyelet on top of its head makes this igurine diferent from the Němčice ind, and many others similar to it. It may have been worn as a pendant around the neck or attached as a pendant to the terminal of an elite belt-chain. Related by its anthropomorphic form to the ind just described is a igurine in the form of a human foot (Pl. 6/17). his object, decorated in its upper part with engraved lines, has survived intact. Highly stylised, it cannot be easily identiied to be the representation of a naked foot or of a shod one – although the irst interpretation seems more plausible. Not less than nineteen inds of this type have been recorded in Moravia so far, ive of them at Němčice (Čižmář 2008; 2012, 149–150, ig. 7–8). he only way in which the specimen from Nowa Cerekwia is diferent from them is that it has no eyelet or a hole for suspension. Perhaps this is an uninished object. he foot igurine from Nowa Cerekwia may be classiied in the same typological group (‘B’) as its counterparts from Moravia (cf. Echt 1999, 96–103; Warneke 1999, 135–139; Čižmář 2012, 150). he younger inds – dating to the Middle and Late La Tène – are recorded not only in Moravia, but also in the oppidum of Stradonice (Pič 1903, pl. XXV/7, 11), the cemetery at Wederath (Haffner 1989, ig. 35, 45), as well as in France (Feugère 1998; Giganon 1999). A special place among the inds from Nowa Cerekwia is occupied by objects which, while they date from the time when the La Tène settlement was in use, are nevertheless an element foreign to that culture. his is true of the fragments of collars known as Kronenhalsringe – a personal ornament characteristic mainly for the Danish and the northern German zone of the Jastorf culture. At least ive of these collars were recovered at Nowa Cerekwia, some of them uninished – which, given the La Tène context of this settlement, might seem unexpected. But if we take a closer look at the material from Nowa Cerekwia in a broader cultural context, from the perspective of the situation in the territory to the north of the Carpathians and Sudetesland, this state of afairs is validated, explaining many cultural processes which unfolded in this northern territory. However, these issues are in need of a separate, more extensive discussion.6 And, while on this subject, it is worth referring to at least one of these objects – highly signiicant for the interpretation of the circumstances surrounding the decline of the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia. he object concerned is a bronze hinge with a head in the form of a rosette with three horizontal projections and a terminal with an incised ornament at the top (Pl. 6/18). Hinges with a tripartite rosette appear only rarely in the territory of the Jastorf culture. he only, but close, analogy is the fastening of a collar from Söhren in eastern Holstein (Hingst 1964, pl. 18) (Pl. 6/19). A tripartite rosette, although a little diferent in shape, is seen gracing the top of a hinge discovered at Geesthacht, also in Holstein, but in its southern outlying area (Kersten 1951).7 Both collars are relatively late forms but their chronology may be conjectured only indirectly – through stylistic parallels to other classes of object. On this basis both inds may be dated broadly to LT C. On La Tène territory, outside Nowa Cerekwia, inds of Kronenhalsringe are practically unknown – barring one exception an as yet unpublished8 hinge with a very similar tripartite rosette discovered at Němčice. he list of personal ornaments recently secured from the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia is completed by a few dozen glass inds, fragments of bracelets and beads. Most of them are types recorded earlier at this site (cf. Karwowski 1997, 60–61, 65–66). hey are mainly fragments of bracelets of dark blue cobalt glass and are specimens of a form assigned to Group 14a/1 (Pl 7/1), Row 1 by Gebhard (1989, 128, ig. 49–50) and ought to be dated to within LT C1. In grave inventories they are discovered in association with the oldest forms of bracelets made of blue-green glass (Karwowski 2004, 33, 69, ig. 17, 25). Another class also present in the newly recovered material is Group 6b/2 (Pl. 7/2). Bracelets of this form became widespread during LT C1b, possibly ater its close (Venclová 1990, 120–122; Gebhard 1989, pl. 7–8; Karwowski 2004, ig. 25) and were continued to be manufactured until the end of the Middle La Tène period and possibly even a little longer (Venclová 1990, 122). he next class present in the assemblage from Nowa Cerekwia is Group 13a/1 with low central ribbing (Pl. 7/3). According to Venclová (1990, 128) this variant may be younger than Group 13a/2, with 6 7 8 hey will be addressed in a separate study now being developed together with A. Maciałowicz. I take this opportunity to acknowledge A. Maciałowicz for his help during library research on the Kronenhalsringe. My warm thanks go to J. Čižmářová for letting me use information about this ind (Moavské Zemské Muzeum inv. no. 167.811). 44 | M. Rudnicki higher ribbing, dated to LT C1b. In the view of Venclová the time when the bracelet form of interest to us here was manufactured is presumed to have been during LT C2. Further specimens of cobalt glass representing the Group 8b variant 1 with a broad central rib and relatively long incisions (Pl. 7/4) and variant 2, with a highly arched central rib and shorter incisions (Pl. 7/5–6) are to be dated to LT C1b (Gebhard 1989, ig. 50; Karwowski 2004, ig. 25). his provisional review of new inds of glass bracelets from Nowa Cerekwia closes with specimens from Group 7a/1 (Pl. 7/7) and Group 7a/2 (Pl. 7/8–9). he irst of these forms, in blue glass, was manufactured during LT C1b and C2 (Karwowski 2004, ig. 25). Specimens of variant 7a/2 made of plain glass with yellow ‘foil’ – a ilm of yellow opaque glass on their inner face – are a form characteristic only for phase LT C2 (Gebhard 1989, ig. 52/3; Karwowski 2004, p. 73, ig. 25). his is conirmed by numerous grave inds, mainly from Switzerland (Stähli 1977, pl. 15/1–2, 16, 21; 25/1–12; 27/1–3, 34) and Bavaria (Krämer 1985, pl. 25), where these bracelet types are found in association with Mötschwil type ibulae. A form of artefact not recorded earlier, not only in the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia but not in any other site to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetesland, are cylindrical objects of blue coiled glass thread (Pl. 7/10–15). Identical objects have been recorded at Němčice and are generally interpreted as uninished beads (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 264, ig. 3/2–4; Venclová et al. 2009, 387, ig. 2). he uninished beads from Nowa Cerekwia, like most of those discovered at Němčice (55 specimens), would have been used to manufacture ring-shaped beads of cobalt blue glass, Type 155 in the classiication of Venclová. Finished objects of this type were recovered during the archaeological investigation of the site at Nowa Cerekwia by Czerska (Pl. 7/16), and more recently as well (Pl. 7/17). hey are not a very narrow chronological marker. his is because they continue in evidence for the entire duration of Celtic glassmaking. Large numbers of them were manufactured to the south-east of the Alps at the turn of HaD and LT A. In Central Europe they are well represented in grave inventories dated to LT B1 and C2, and are recorded also in Late La Tène sites (Venclová 1990, 56–57). In this context what is of signiicance is that they document glassmaking in a settlement found to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetesland which we can date using the rest of the inds from Nowa Cerekwia. Other bronzes Passing to a discussion of the next category of inds under analysis once again we shall use for a reference point mainly the materials from Němčice. his time our focus is a series of small bronze zoomorphic igurines of which not less than a dozen were found at Nowa Cerekwia (Pl. 7/18–27; 8/1–7). Most of them are representations of birds. he largest specimens have a length of around 30 mm (Pl. 7/18), the smallest less than 11 mm (Pl. 7/27). hey tend to be simpliied forms, with bulging eyes as their only prominent feature while, some of these igurines are decorated with engraved lines (Pl. 7/22) or even enamel (Pl. 7/24). Representations of animals other than birds are much less common. Among them is a igurine of a hare with an iron collar around its neck (Pl. 8/1), an ox or a cow (Pl. 8/3) and a hedgehog or a badger (Pl. 8/2). In this latter case species identiication is made diicult by the degree of stylisation of the representation. Nevertheless, this is more likely to be a representation of a hedgehog as supported by the proportions of the head relative to the rest of the body and its short snout. A common feature of the igurines is their lat or rather, recessed base or the presence of feet and a lack of means for attachment, holes or traces of soldering. here is no evidence to treat these objects as appliqués for ixing to other objects. Most likely they served their function in the form in which they have now been recovered. A separate, much smaller, group are appliqués, one face lat, in the form of stylized animal heads or obscure fantastic creatures (Pl. 8/4–5). Very similar, at times nearly identical, zoomorphic igurines have been recovered from other Celtic sites in Central Europe, most notably, once more at Němčice. he assemblage of inds from this site included 67 artefacts of this sort (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 264, ig. 4/4–6, 8–10; Čižmář et al. 2008, ig. 6/4–6, 8–10, ig. 7; Čižmář 2012, 150–152, ig. 9–12). No less than 53 of them are representations of birds, mostly water fowl (28 specimens). Amongst the rest is a creature reminiscent of the hedgehog from Nowa Cerekwia, here identiied as a badger (Čižmář 2012, ig. 12/1). Čižmář expressed a view, probably incorrect, that originally these igurines had been soldered to a metal base (see earlier discussion). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 45 A larger series of analogous inds (22 specimens), again most of them birds, comes from a number of unlisted sites to the north and south of the Danube (Jandrasits 2003). It is quite likely that one of them is the settlement at Roseldorf (Bez. Hollabrunn), the other – a similar site at Etzersdorf in Lower Austria. Jandrasits has argued – to my mind, quite incorrectly – that these igurines are coin weights. his interpretation is contradicted by the fact that these igurines do not seem to correspond to any speciic standard. Individual zoomorphic igurines have also been discovered in other sites in Lower Austria, for example at Michelstetten (Lauermann 2010, 211, ig. 24, pl. 77), and also in Moravia (Čižmářová J. 2004, 162, 290; Čižmář 2012, 151, ig. 13, 14). An exception is the site at Polkovice (okr. Přerov), with two, and at Čejč (okr. Hodonín) with three specimens (Čižmář 2012, ig. 13/3, 6, 10, 12–13). Consequently we may argue that the inds of zoomorphic igurines evidently clustered in the area of a speciic type of settlement, such as Nowa Cerekwia, Němčice, and also Roseldorf and perhaps Etzersdorf. his could be a clue to their function which most probably was in some way religious. Given their high degree of similarity we may surmise that the igurines played the role of a standardized form of votive object. Perhaps they were ofered to a deity whose principal attribute was birds. his possibility is suggested by the iconography of the Gundestrup cauldron on which one of the representations is that of a female deity holding a bird in her right hand and with two birds one either side of her head. It is likely that in centres such as Roseldorf, Němčice and Nowa Cerekwia which we can classify as major centres of worship where this type of votive object would have been ofered in sacriice. If this was so, then could it be that the sanctuary dedicated to a bird deity had a particular structure which so far has eluded detection. It is noteworthy that the investigation of sanctuary structures at Roseldorf unearthed a rich assemblage of votive objects which however did not include igurines similar to those we have discussed here (cf. Holzer 2009, 53). he small number of igurines discovered in oppida contexts among which there are specimens provided with a loop for suspension suggests that during phase LT D the popularity of the ‘bird’ deity had declined or that these objects were serving a diferent function than during the earlier period. his section of the inds inventory from Nowa Cerekwia is completed by a group of objects of unknown purpose. Most of them presumably may be interpreted as weights, which in theory at least would relate them to the monetary system of the Boii (cf. Paulsen 1933; Castelin 1965). To begin with very few objects which have suspension loops (Pl. 8/8–9). heir interpretation as something more than ordinary pendants is supported by the presence on them of markings in the form of concentric rings made with a punch. However, perhaps this is only a form of ornament and not any special mark indicating a speciic weight. he irst of the described inds (Pl. 8/8) has a length of 19.6 mm, a maximum width of 9.7 mm, and a weight of 6.200 g. he second has the form of a quadrangular bucket, with a height of 11.5 mm (without the loop), 18.98 mm (with loop), width of 9.53/10.68 mm, and a weight of 4.906 g (Pl. 8/9). he weight of both these objects – even if with some allowance is made for their preservation – is incompatible with the metrology of Boii coins from their minting Period A as deined by Castelin (1965). he next ind with a similar mark may be more readily identiied as a weight owing to its form. his is a hexahedron, measuring 12.78 × 10.72 × 5.18 mm with a weight of 5.042 g (Pl. 8/10). On one of its faces is a central ring with a dot in the centre and four additional dots, one in every corner. his object survives complete, with no traces of any attachments or soldering. Despite obvious stylistic similarities, this time it is also too hard to claim as having any connection with a Boii weighing system from the preoppida times. A separate, fairly uniform group comprises a few dozen bronze objects, most of them in the form of hemispheres or cones or, more rarely, discs (Pl. 8/11–18). A few might be claimed as part of a set owing to their weight distribution. he heaviest of them is a hemispherical specimen with a diameter of 14.6 mm, a height of 7.8 mm weighing 6.790 g (Pl. 8/11). he weight of another specimen, its shape approximately that of a section of a sphere with a diameter of 11.7 mm, a height of 8.2 mm, is 4.8 g (Pl. 8/12). Intermediate specimens have a weight close to that of the conical object with a diameter of 11.6 mm, a height of 6.8 mm and a weight of 2.609 g (Pl. 8/13). he lighter group is represented by a specimen with a diameter of 9.3 mm, a height of 4.69 mm and a weight of 1.761 g (Pl. 8/14), and another, with a proiled base and a diameter of 10.2 mm, a height of 4.5 mm and a weight of 1.627 g (Pl. 8/15). A 46 | M. Rudnicki lighter category of the discussed inds is represented by a specimen in the form of a disc, with a diameter of 7.9 mm, thickness of 3.5 mm and a weight of 0.933 g (Pl. 8/16). Of similar weight (0.758 g) is another hemispherical specimen which has a diameter of 6.5 mm and a height of 4.3 mm (Pl. 8/17). One of the lightest specimens has the form of a section of a sphere with a diameter of 5.1 mm, a height of 2.3 mm and a weight of 0.23 g (Pl. 8/18). At present nothing is known about the presence of similar objects at Němčice. On the other hand a whole series has been recorded at some unnamed sites on the Danube (Jandrasits 2003, 79–80, catalogue no. 1–16), probably at Roseldorf and Etzersdorf. Not only is their form highly similar to that of the inds from Nowa Cerekwia, as for instance a specimen with a proiled base (Jandrasits 2003, 80, ig. 10), but also their weight span is similar. Jandrasits interpreted these inds as coin weights, matching them somewhat dubiously to the chronologically and geographically mixed denominations of Boii coinage. Nevertheless there is no doubt that some of these objects do have a weight compatible with that of Boii coins from Castelin’s minting Period A and may be interpreted without much doubt as coin weights. his is true of the specimen weighing 2.609 g (Pl. 8/13), which corresponds to the weight of a 1/3 stater, an Athena Alkidemos type, or specimens weighing 0.933 g (Pl. 8/16) and 0.758 g (Pl. 8/17), which without any problem can be matched with Roseldorf type obols. What remains a problem is how to explain the weight of other objects in the discussed group. It seems very likely that some of them – especially those in the form of a disc – possibly uninished or mis-struck – lans of silver or gold plated coins (subaerati). his applies to a disc weighing 0.933 g, which may have been the bronze core of a plated 1/8 stater or an obol subaeratus, of early type (with star or Roseldorf I), and the smallest of the inds to be described here, a disc with a weight of 0.23 g – a plated 1/24 stater of the Athena Alkidemos type. We cannot rule out that the rest of the artefacts which have a weight that does not correspond to that of the Boii coins of minting Period A – are also weights. his is supported by their standardized shape and the recurrence of form, recorded in other, more distant settlements of a similar character (Etzersdorf and Roseldorf). Perhaps the system of weights used by the Celts was much more complex than might have seem at irst to be the case, and the estimated weights may correspond to units that we still do not understand. his dilemma may be resolved only by a meticulous analysis of coin metrology made on a larger series of this type of ind. Before closing this section we need to mention inds which supply evidence of local bronze working – casting (Pl. 8/19), ingots (Pl. 8/20), and lumps of bronze solidiied in the vents of casting moulds (Pl. 8/21–22). One conirmation of this form of production activity in the settlement of Nowa Cerekwia is a crucible made of clay containing graphite with a residue on its walls of corroded green-coloured metal, discovered during the Czerska’s ield-works (Pl. 8/23). Crucibles of similar size, also with a metal residue on their walls, are known from La Tène open settlements from the Middle La Tène period in Moravia (Čižmář 2002, 253) and from Lower Austria – for instance, yet again from Roseldorf (Holzer 2003, 688) and Michelstetten (Lauermann 2010, 81, ig. 26, pl. 98). Numismatic inds From the many seasons of archaeological excavations on the site of Nowa Cerekwia made before 2007 we had an unimpressive series of just three coins. Two of them – a 1/8 stater, of the Athena Alkidemos type and an obol of Roseldorf II type – were discovered in the ill of previously excavated features. he third – an obol, also of Roseldorf II type – is a stray ind. All the later inds were from secondary deposits. he 1/8 stater, a Athena Alkidemos type (Castelin 1965, 20, no. AA–II/5, pl. 3/39) (Pl. 9/1) was discovered inside a feature recorded as ‘House no. 16’ investigated in 1962 (Czerska 1964, 124). his was a sunken structure 4.4 × 3.1 m, its longer axis aligned east–west. Its ill also contained a fragment of a sapropelite bracelet and 542 sherds,9 a few fragments of daub and some animal bones. Unfortunately, nothing more is known about these inds owing to the inadequate nature of their publication. Equally little is known about the other pit-house, recorded as ‘House no. 12’ excavated in 1960, which yielded the Roseldorf II type obol (Dembski 1991, 6, 8, no. 2) (Pl. 9/2). his feature was of rectangular plan, 4.2 × 3.5 m, its longer axis aligned north–south, and a depth of 25–30 cm measured from the top. At each end of the axis of this feature was a posthole. Next to the obol the ill of ‘House no. 12’ there were 9 446 from wheel-thrown vessels, 201 of them containing graphite, and 96 sherds from coil-built pots (Czerska 1964, 124). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 47 three iron objects; a needle, a hook, and an ingot, as well as 134 sherds,10 33 fragments of daub and 16 animal bones. Similarly as in case of ‘House no. 16’ closer dating of this material is not possible not the least because of the standard of its publication, though we do know that the dating of both these features falls within phases LT B1–C2 which, according to our current state of knowledge,11 are the chronological limits of the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia. Coins are the largest group in the inventory of inds from the ieldwork carried out in 2007–2008 and number 211 specimens. If we include four coins discovered before 1973 and approximately a further 30 from detectorist inds we arrive at a total of around 245 coins,12 of which at least 62 are gold – both complete and clipped. he total number of coin inds from the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia is hard to specify more closely. his is because the number of inds made ater 2008 is unknown. According to unoicial igures in the period 2009–2013 treasure hunters may have recovered as many as 500 coins. hus, we may estimate that the grand total of coins discovered at Nowa Cerekwia to date may be even as high as 800 specimens. Statistically, the spread of the recorded fragment of this coins series is similar to that of the coin inds inventory from Němčice (cf. Kolníková 2006, 4, table 1; Kolníková 2012, 12), although with some apparent diferences. In general, the group may be divided into three groups all from the same chronological period: local Celtic coins, foreign Celtic coins and non-Celtic coins. In group 1 the ratio of gold to silver coins is evidently higher than at Němčice. At Nowa Cerekwia gold specimens are represented entirely by coins of the main series. hese are staters of Nike, Paulsen no. 3–22 (Pl. 9/3), Plumlov (Kolníková 1998, 22, ig. 1/1–4) (Pl. 9/4–5) types and all the smaller denominations of Athena Alkidemos type (Castelin 1965, 19, as AA-I, II), and staters with various barbarized iconography: 1/3 (Pl. 9/6–8), 1/8 (Pl. 9/1, 9–10) and 1/24 (Pl. 9/11–15). Notable also is a very small representation of subaerate coins. In the recorded part of the coin ind series from Nowa Cerekwia there are only three such coins: a stater and two 1/3 staters (Pl. 9/16–17). A unique specimen is a clipped fragment of a stater with a clear representation of Athena holding a shield (Pl. 9/18). his, the one and only specimen of this variant recorded at present, may be regarded as unassailable proof that stylistically clear uncorrupted prototypes of Plumlov type staters, did exist. On the obverse of all coins of this type discovered at Nowa Cerekwia there is a distinct head of Pallas Athena in wearing a Corinthian helmet and with the head turned to the right, and on the reverse – without a shadow of doubt – Athena Alkidemos advancing let and holding her shield upraised to the let. heir comparison with the already known material leads us to conclude that on all staters of the Paulsen no. 48–58 types, where the outline of the igure on the reverse is identiiable, the depiction is of Athena ‘Defender of the people’, and not of the winged Nike. In case of other specimens of Plumlov type the situation presumably is the same, but owing to the deterioration of the sharpness on the die this cannot be ascertained conclusively. hus, formally staters of this type should be classiied as the Athena Alkidemos type – something that was done by Paulsen (1933, 10), Castelin (1965, 11) and Ziegaus (1997, 214). Notable at the same time is the low frequency not only from Nowa Cerekwia in the material record, of stylistically good gold denominations of Athena Alkidemos type, such as the unique stater (Pl. 9/18), or 1/8 stater (Pl. 9/9). Among 1176 coins from the settlement of Němčice, taken into account in the 2012 study, there are only a couple of minor gold coins (1/3 and 1/24 stater) struck with dies not worn by use and distortion (cf. Kolníková 2012, no. 20, 76). he number of specimens with a clear obverse including also those with a slightly distorted iconography, is only a little higher.13 It seems quite likely therefore that even during minting Period A gold coins from the oldest emissions were being withdrawn from circulation ater a relatively short time, replaced with new ones – with a barbarized iconography. he most obvious explanation of 10 117 fragments of wheel-thrown vessels, 47 containing graphite, and 17 sherds from coil-built vessels (Czerska 1963, 299). he number of inds from this feature is certainly smaller when compared to the average for other pit-houses investigated at Nowa Cerekwia Site 4. 11 his takes into account the material from the latest excavations and the as-yet-unpublished inds from ieldwork carried out in 2007–2008. 12 Total as of 2008. 13 hese are: three coins with a denomination of 1/3 stater (Kolníková 2012, 15, no. 20–22), ive with a denomination of 1/8 stater (Kolníková 2012, 17, no. 40–41, 43–45) and ive with a denomination of 1/24 stater (Kolníková 2012, 22, no. 76–80). 48 | M. Rudnicki this practice is that the weight standard was being reduced because throughout this period the metal standard apparently did not change. A vast majority of the numismatic inds from Nowa Cerekwia are minor silver coins, conventionally described as obols. A considerable number of them are poorly preserved. Given the good condition of two specimens discovered in 1960–1962 we may assume that the surface of these more recent coin inds was damaged by chemical action (including lime) used as crop fertiliser. It is hard to assess the impact of corrosion on the reduction of the weight of individual coins but we need to take this factor into account when making statistical analyses. Almost without exception the obols are the main types known for the territory covered by the coinage system of the Boii. he list opens with coins with an image on the reverse of a horse prancing right, with above, a star-shaped symbol (Pl. 9/19–21). As a rule they are fairly poorly preserved, their weight being in the range of approximately 0.95–0.85 g. Coins of this type used to be described in numismatic literature as ‘lyre-star’ type (Jandrasits 2005, 144, no. 4) and type A ‘with lyre’ within the group Roseldorf/Němčice (Kolníková 2012, 33). However, as will be noted these terms no longer appear to be adequate. he next sub-group are obols with an image of a horse prancing right, but without the star (Pl. 9/22– 23) known in literature as Roseldorf type I (Dembski 1991, 6, no. 1) and classiied by Kolníková (2012, 33) as further variants of type A ‘with lyre’. Most of them survive in poor condition and in a few cases it is uncertain whether above the horse there was originally a star or some other symbol. he weight of specimens classiied as Roseldorf I type is in the range of approximately 1–0.8 g, but there are specimens, poorly preserved at that, but weighing as much as 1.215 g (Pl. 9/22). he last sub-group are obols with a depiction of a horse prancing let (Pl. 9/2, 24–27), known in literature as Roseldorf II type (Dembski 1991, 6, 8, no. 2), classiied by Kolníková as further variants of type B ‘with lyre’. Interestingly enough, these smallest Boii coin fractions were further subdivided into smaller parts (Pl. 9/27); presumably because there was need to obtain even smaller denominations necessary for exchange. In the representative series of 117 coins found up to the autumn of 2008 obols are represented by 13 specimens of the type ‘with star’ (11.2%), Roseldorf I by 53 (45.7%), and Roseldorf II by 44 (37.9%). his result difers visibly (Fig. 2) from the percentages obtained for individual types in the catalogued series from Němčice (Kolníková 2012, 33, 50), which are respectively: 66 (7.9%), 82 (9.9%) and 575 (69.2%). Also, among obols from Roseldorf there is an apparent quantitative domination of type Roseldorf II. Perhaps, these diferences are the result of diferences in the chronology (?) of the three sites under discussion. 6,0% 11,1% 13,0% 7,9% 9,9% Type "with star" 37,6% Type Roseldorf I 45,3% Type Roseldorf II 69,2% others Fig. 2. Comparison of types of obols represented in collections of coins from Nowa Cerekwia (let) and Němčice (category ‘others’ includes unidentiied specimens and types other than listed). he next group of coin inds from Nowa Cerekwia (group 2) comprises at least three ‘foreign’ (imported) Celtic coins. One of them is a clipped fragment of an Eastern Celtic tetradrachm (Preda 1973, 29–47, pl. I–IV), with a clear early imitation of Philip II of the irst series (Pl. 9/28). he obverse image is that of a bearded head of Zeus laureate right, and on the reverse, a horseman right. Before the horse’s chest are letters O V arranged vertically – the inal letters of the Greek inscription Φ I Λ I Π Π O Y – and at centre a straight and deep incision. he angle of the truncated rims suggests that the cut was made from the obverse. he described fragment represents only half of the lan. he next, arguably, foreign coin, even though it represents a form of Boii coinage, is a clipped tetradrachm (Pl. 9/29) – presumably, the ‘lyre/lyre’ type in the classiication of Kolníková. A specimen of this type was discovered at Němčice (Kolníková 2012, 24, VIIa, no. 169, ig. 11/169; 84/169). Another ‘foreign’ Boii coin is an obol with an Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 49 obverse image of a man’s head and, on the reverse, a horse prancing let, with above, a triskele (Pl. 9/30). With a weight of 0.877 g this coin is a rare type, most likely to be associated with tetradrachm emissions, such as the specimen described earlier, with the so-called ‘lyre symbols’ (Kolníková 2006, 36). For the time being close analogies are known only from Lower Austria which area also has a record of other variants of obols with a very similar reverse (Jandrasits 2005, 129, nos. 3a, 3b, 3c). Finds of minor silver coins with a highly similar reverse representation are known also from Nitra (Kolníková 1964, 198, ig. 4/1) in south-western Slovakia. Coins are not the only numismatic object made of gold and silver in the inds from Nowa Cerekwia. his assemblage includes also several dozen gold ingots, originally in the form of thick discs (Pl. 10/1) or rods (Pl. 10/2). One of these objects resembles in its shape a hemispherical, uninished coin lan (Pl. 10/3) apparently cast in a clay mould for coin blanks (Tüpfelplatte). Apart from these inds, another conirmation of the local production of gold coins at Nowa Cerekwia is the fragment of a gold rod with constrictions at regular intervals (Pl. 10/4). With a length of 13.25 mm and a maximum width of 2.89 mm the ingot weighs 0.988 g which corresponds to the weight of three 1/24 stater coins of minting Period A. his ind is likely to be an ingot used in the production of these coins adjusted al marco. he settlement site at Nowa Cerekwia also yielded a number of lumps of raw silver of a standard weight. Two of them weigh around 4 g and may be interpreted as melted down drachms. Even more notable however are two other silver lumps of regular shape and very similar in weight, 1.165 g (Pl. 10/5) and 1.154 g (Pl. 10/6). heir half-domed shape and nature of their surface suggest casting in a clay mould. Taking into account the weight of obols recorded in the settlement it is safe to interpret these as lans of early coins of this denomination – presumably, the type ‘with star’ or Roseldorf I. Given the circumstances presented here of naming the entire group of these coins as Roseldorf I and II (Dembski 1991, 6, 8, no. 1 and 2), and Roseldorf–Němčice (Kolníková 2012, 33) appears to be lacking in precision and inadequate for what is needed to classify this material. A more appropriate term for these coins would be ‘Roseldorf–Němčice–Nowa Cerekwia’, justiied by these three centres of minting and trading. hese connections are apparent in the numismatic material to the extent that it is hard to specify which types of Boii coins from the main series from minting Period A were struck in Upper Silesia and which were possibly imported from Moravia and from Lower Austria (if any). he numismatic material from these sites forms a group remarkably uniform in terms of iconography and metrology. Basing on the comparative analysis of coins inds from each of these sites it seems likely that the same dies – transported from place to place – were used in the mint production at Nowa Cerekwia, Němčice and at Roseldorf (Pl. 10/7). Group 3 in the numismatic inventory from Nowa Cerekwia closes with imported coins, non-Celtic – at least nine Greek bronzes. he oldest of them is a coin of Philip II of Macedon (Pl. 10/8) with the monogram comprised of ligated letters AV on reverse (SNG ANS 8, no. 896). his bronze type was struck in vast quantities, presumably at Pella and Amphipolis, while this ruler was alive (359–336 BC), and possibly also ater his death as well (Le Rider 1977). he next coin is a bronze of Kroton in Bruttium (Pl. 10/9) with an obverse representation of the god Aesaros right and on its reverse inscription ΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ and a representation of a thunderbolt and inscription ΚΡΟΤΩΝΙΑΤΑΝ on the reverse (BMC 111; Rutter 2001, 2236) from c. 300–250 BC. Even so, the largest group is that of Sicilian coins of Hiero II (4 specimen) ruler of Syracuse in 274–216 BC (Pl. 10/10). he obverse image is that of the bearded head of Poseidon with, on the reverse, a trident and inscription IEPONOΣ (SNG COP, nos. 844–856). Next, there is an AE pentonkion (denomination based on the Sicilian Litra – 5/12 of the base weight) actually, a half of it, of the Mamertines of Messana (Pl. 10/11) from around 212–200 BC. On its obverse is the head of Zeus, right, on the reverse a warrior and inscription ΜΑΜΕΡΤΙΝΩΝ (Förschner 1986, nos. 482–486). Finds of Greek coins, so numerous in the settlement at Němčice, would have entered to Central Europe with Celtic mercenaries returning from service in the Mediterranean region (Baray 2014). Silver coins – like the tetradrachm from Wrocław-Psie Pole – may have been the object of barter on a par with Celtic coinage. heir small number when compared with inds of coins struck from copper alloy suggests however that they were more likely to be recast for use in local minting (cf. Čižmář et al. 2008, 687–690). Bronze coins – not in circulation within the Boii system – may have served as souvenirs 50 | M. Rudnicki of distant travels or votive oferings, eventually as a handy stock of valuable metal. Celtic mercenaries could get them probably as sitonion also siteresion or sitarchia which is a name referred to rations in kind or the equivalent amount in money – i.e. money intended for the purchasing of rations (cf. Liampi 2000). In the history of coinages of Athens is reported by literary sources (pseudo-Aristotle, Economics, 1350a; Polyaenos, Stratagems, 3.10.14) that general Timotheos when he was besieging Olynthos (363–359 BC) due to lack of silver went on to issue bronze pieces in order to cover the needs of his troops. he purpose of the emission becomes evident in the detail of the kernel of wheat on which the owl is standing: there is no doubt that these coins were struck in order to cover the daily distribution of grain to the soldiers – siteresion (Stoyas 2008). *** Finds made in recent years have placed the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia in an entirely new light. When assessing its signiicance and character we need to be aware that we have at our disposal only a fragment of the original body of data relating to this centre. he area of the Celtic settlement which has been destroyed by long years of basalt extraction is hard to assess but must have been substantial. According to the Czerska’s calculations – completely mistaken in this writer’s view – the settlement occupied an area of around 1.2 ha, with a further 0.5 ha used as its economic catchment. A diametrically diferent view though also incorrect, was presented by Pescheck (1970). In his reconstruction the basalt outcrop used to be the site of an oppidum – or a Celtic proto-urban settlement – which extended supposedly over an area of about 104 ha. his view was calculated using the description given by Kleemann of a double ring of banks and ditches enclosing the settlement, their remains allegedly still visible before the outbreak of WWII to the east and the south-east of its investigated fragment. Putting aside the veracity of the information about the existence of traces of earthworks near to the settlement it must be said that the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia, if only because of its chronology, cannot have been an oppidum. Presumably it was an open settlement, at least 6 ha in area. Armed with the record on the rectangular sanctuaries discovered at Roseldorf, and their presence conirmed by the geophysical survey at Němčice it may be safe to interpret the information outlined at the introduction to this study concerning the discovery of particularly weapons in the early days of basalt extraction (Newrzella 1981, 16) as very likely that these were votive oferings, similar to those discovered in the ill of ditches around the sanctuary at Roseldorf (Holzer 2009). he settlement at Nowa Cerekwia was already in place during phase LT B1. his is conirmed not only by the discovery of a burial within a rectangular ditch (Bednarek 1994), but also by the chronological spread of stray inds, such as the uninished bronze bracelet (Pl. 6/4), attesting to the operation of a local bronze working workshop already during the Early La Tène (presumably LT B1). At the same time, the series of Early La Tène inds from Nowa Cerekwia is relatively small, suggesting that during this period it played a diferent role than later on. We have to keep in mind that most of inds are items of non-ferrous metals. Among the items of dress accessories are mostly those associated with women’s dress. It cannot be regarded as relecting the reality of the situation because men certainly inhabited the settlement as well. he majority of the discovered objects must be attributed to the two stages of the Middle La Tène period (LT C1–C2), when the settlement was operating as a centre of production and commerce. his is conirmed by the large number of coins, mainly issues of the Boii, and of bronze dress accessories (ibulae, elements of chain belts), personal ornaments, as well as by glass bracelets and beads – some of which produced locally. he younger horizon of inds is designated by the large series of ibulae type Mötschwil. Among inds from earlier ieldwork and the most recent season not a single specimen can be dated to the Late La Tène (LT D1). his applies also to coins, all of which are issues from the minting Period A of Castelin (1965). A circumstance signiicant for the chronology of the Boii minting is that among the vast quantity of Celtic coins secured from the area of the settlement at Němčice, and also among the inds from Nowa Cerekwia, not a single specimen is recorded representative for the late La Tène minting of the ‘mussel’ period. he conclusion is that the latter was closely linked to the operation of oppida, and came into being – roughly speaking – only during the inal quarter of the second century BC. he question occurs: did the production of coins of the Athena Alkidemos type of the main series end with the end of centres Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 51 classiied as type Nowa Cerekwia–Němčice?14 he rather small series of inds of this type recorded or example in the oppidum Staré Hradisko in Moravia does not furnish a conclusive answer. Perhaps they are the earliest coins issued at that site but equally well they could have been brought in from outside during its early phase. While not pursuing this question further we may assert that the decline of production of minor Boii denominations with the recognizable depiction of Athena Alkidemos on their reverse belongs in the period immediately antedating settlement change across Central European Celtic territory, complete with the eclipse of settlements at Nowa Cerekwia and Němčice, or soon ater. he settlement at Nowa Cerekwia in its glory days would have been a centre of production and commerce of supra-regional importance – presumably the only centre of this type to the north of the Carpathians and the Sudetesland. One commodity – amber – was brought in from the north (Pl. 10/12), while gold and silver for the mints was brought in from the south, as also presumably was bronze raw material, glass and graphite (Pl. 10/13). here is no doubt that coins in circulation within the central settlement at Nowa Cerekwia and other commodities too, were trade goods. hey passed not only to buyers living in satellite settlements in its immediate catchment such as the settlement at Raków (pow. głubczycki, woj. opolskie), from which site there is a type Roseldorf I obol, but were also traded over long distances. A major role was played by export to the territory inhabited by closely related Celtic groups to the east (the western part of Lesser Poland) and to the north-west (Lower Silesia). his exchange is evidenced by stray inds of gold coins of the Nike type (Wrocław-Psie Pole) and the Athena Alkidemos type (Świątniki, pow. wrocławski and Wojszyce – now Wrocław-Krzyki) and a hoard of the latter type from Brzezinka Średzka, in pow. średzki (Jahn 1931, 85, 88–90, 93, 95, pl. XII/6–8; Paulsen 1933, 14–15, 18, 30, 140–141, pl. V/93; VII/125, 149; Castelin 1966, 166; Woźniak 1967, 205–207, 223, pl. XIII/14–16; Castelin 1976, 241–243). Celtic gold coins also entered the territory what was then under Germanic settlement, now central Poland (Pl. 11/1). Equally we can interpret in a similar manner the inlux of many other commodities, notably, bronze and glass ornaments, as well as dress accessories such as Mötschwil type ibulae and their derivatives (Pl. 11/2). he centre at Nowa Cerekwia owed its importance within the network of La Tène settlements not only to production and long-distance trade, but also, and perhaps, mainly, to its role as a mustering point for mercenaries. It is here that warriors from the north came, ready to serve in the eastern Mediterranean. Some of the mercenaries would have been Germanic, for there is no other way to explain the presence of Greek coins (Mielczarek 2008, map 1) in Germanic Jastorf and Przeworsk Cultures contexts in central Poland – in Kuyavia and western Mazovia (Pl. 12/1). Bronze Greek coins were deinitely not an object of long-distance exchange. Germanic mercenaries – as well as Celtic – could get them probably as sitonion. he Celtic settlement network in Upper Silesia declined probably during late part of LT C2 (Woźniak 1992, 13). We can link this process, one that is recorded in various forms, in other areas of Central Europe, to a concrete historical occurrence – the migration of the Cimbri and the Teutones, whose beginning is usually dated to around 120 BC though one should note that this date is only an approximation as the irst point in this migration was the Battle of Noreia, where in 113 BC for the irst time the Germans defeated the forces of Rome (Appianos, Celtica 1315). Classical authors record that before pushing into Noricum the Cimbri and Teutones had entered the territory of the Boii but were forced out from this area to the lands of the Scordisci and only from there did they march westward (Poseidonios in Strabo VII 2,216). Very likely their route from Jutland ran through the territory of the Boii in Upper Silesia and then on by way of the Moravian Gate and down the valley of the Morava, to the lands on the Danube. he connection between the eclipse of Celtic settlement in Silesia with the migration of Cimbri and Teutones has been postulated in the archaeological literature for quite some time (Jahn 1932; Woźniak 1970, 233; Woźniak 1996, 168), but only now this theory has gained strong support. It is quite likely that the migration of the Cimbri and the Teutones also triggered profound settlement change as has been observed in Moravia. his has been relected in the decline of the trans-regional centre of production and trade as 14 It is not through oversight that Roseldorf is not mentioned in this context, as from this comparable site we have a relatively large series of Boii coins from the mussel period, which may be referred to the late La Tène period. his means that the centre at Roseldorf continued to operate for longer than those at Nowa Cerekwia and Němčice. he indings presented here are based on the unpublished material in the keeping of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. 15 Appian z Aleksandrii, Historia rzymska, transl. Ludwik Piotrowicz, Wrocław 1957. 16 Strabo, Geographiká, transl. H. L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge–London 1923–1924. 52 | M. Rudnicki evidenced at Němčice (Čižmář–Kolníková 2006, 269). During various stages of their movement east the Cimbri would have been accompanied by sub-groups of various Celtic tribes. Amongst them were also the Boii (Neuman et al. 2000, 497), some or all of them having possibly recruited from among Celtic population residing earlier in Silesia. his argument is supported not only by the decline of Celtic settlements in this region. A strong argument in its favour is inds of hinges of Kronenhalsringe in the form of tripartite rosettes from Nowa Cerekwia and Němčice (see earlier discussion). his is because they have very clear counterparts in the Jastorf culture of Schleswig-Holstein – the point of departure of the migration of the Cimbri. he postulated connection between the decline of the settlement at Nowa Cerekwia and the migration of the Cimbri does not automatically mean that its direct cause was the destruction of this centre. his is because there is much to conirm that the passage of the Germans through the territory of the Boii was relatively peaceful. In any case, the investigations made at Nowa Cerekwia have identiied no evidence of destruction to indicate that the end of the settlement was accompanied by major evidence of destruction. On the contrary, the presence of coil-built pottery with Jastorf and Przeworsk features (c. 13% of total ceramic inds) in the assemblage of inds from this site (e.g. Czerska 1963, 295, ig. 12/a–d, g; Woźniak 1970, pl. XXIV/1, 2), suggests that for a time the Celts and the Germans resided in the settlement side by side. he Jastorf pottery from Nowa Cerekwia inds good parallels in pottery classiied as the Brześć Kujawski type (cf. Grygiel 2004), but not in the materials from Schleswig-Holstein or Jutland. Presumably the Cimbri chose to travel through Upper Silesia because it was occupied by friendly tribes of Germanic extraction and their Celtic allies. In any case it is likely that they set of south together with them. his would explain why in the account of the invasion of Cimbri of Italy given in the History against the pagans of Orosius the barbarian chiefs have Celtic names such as Lugius and Boiorix, suggesting their ties with tribes of the same name – the Lugii and the Boii.17 According to the latest evidence, for more than a half of a century aterward the movement of the Cimbri, the Głubczyce Plateau lay desolate. he Przeworsk culture settlement is recorded there only during the Roman phase B1, and is seen to lourish during B2 (Godłowski 1985, 27, 46). With what we know at present the inds from Nowa Cerekwia closely resembles the material from Němčice and Roseldorf, although there are some diferences, mainly chronological. For example, the archaeological record from Roseldorf includes coins from the oppida period, i.e., from phase LT D (cf. Dembski 2009, ig. B-8) which difers in the case of Němčice and Nowa Cerekwia. Also, it seems that the centre at Nowa Cerekwia was the probably earliest of the three to be established. he settlements at Nowa Cerekwia, Němčice and Roseldorf were sited in a similar landscape, on a hilltop, with a commanding position overlooking the surrounding land. Nowa Cerekwia, positioned at the outlet of the Moravian Gate, had a strategic signiicance for the control over communication routes connecting Moravia with the lands lanking the Odra and the Vistula rivers and, in a larger perspective commanding the southern regions of Europe with the Baltic Sea basin. he distance between Nowa Cerekwia, Němčice and Roseldorf is similar and amounts to around 140 kilometres. In view of the similarity of the archaeological record, particularly, with regard to the numismatic inds from the three centres, we can hazard a guess that they were part of the same sociopolitical system. Possibly this structure may be identiied as being related to the Boii and perceived as a federation of tribes. Within this grouping settlements of a type deined as Němčice–Nowa Cerekwia– Roseldorf played the role of central settlements of a supra-regional rank. Centres of this type – residences of the Celtic elite – were the foci of political, social and religious life, as well as of production and commerce. Most likely, they also served as mustering points from which warriors ready to hire out their services set of on journeys to the Mediterranean. he establishment of these central settlements may be linked to the historical events such as was the migration of the Cimbri from Jutland Peninsula to the Middle Danube, discussed at more length earlier in this text (cf. Rudnicki 2013, 55–57). It is striking that the majority of hoard inds18 of gold Boii coins of approximately similar chronology19 have been discovered spread the length of this route (Pl. 12/2). 17 his matter will be discussed in more detail in a separate volume of studies co-authored by the late Professor Jerzy Kolendo. 18 Possibly except for the deposit from Nechanice (Královehradecký kraj, okres Hradec Králové), which lies a little to the south from the line of the Sudetesland, and as such, from the reconstructed itinerary of the Cymbrian migration. 19 Ones that according to the published reports contained only gold Boii coins from the minting Period A. Nowa Cerekwia. 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Rudnicki Neuman et al. 2000 Newrzella 1981 Paulsen 1933 Pescheck 1970 Petersen 1935 Píč 1903 Pieta 2000 Pieta 2008 Polenz 1971 Polenz 1982 Polenska 2006 Preda 1973 Reitinger 1966 Richthofen 1926 Richthofen 1927 Le Rider 1977 Rudnicki 2012 Rudnicki 2013 Rutter 2001 SNG ANS 1994 SNG COP 1942 Stähli 1977 Stiebler 1965 Stöckli 1974 Stoyas 2008 Venclová 1990 Venclová et al. 2009 Voigt 1958 Warneke 1999 Neuman, G.–Grünewald, T.–Martens, J., Kimbren, IN: Müller, R. (Hrsg.), Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde, 16, 493–505. Newrzella, O., Zum 84 Geburtstag von Max Stiebler, Bauerngutsbesitzer, Gemeindevorsteher, Heimatforscher, Leobschützer Heimatblatt, 1. Paulsen, R., Die Münzprägungen der Boier, Leipzig–Wien. Pescheck, Ch., Kelten in Schlesien, Schlesien, 4, 223–232. Petersen, E., Schlesien von der Eiszeit bis ins Mittelalter. Einführung in die Vorund Frühgeschichte des Landes, Berlin–Leipzig. Píč, J. L., Hradiště u Stradonic jako historické Marobudum. 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Richthofen, von B., Einführung in die ur- und frühgeschichtliche Abteilung des Museum Ratibor, Ratibor. Le Rider, G., Le moyennage d‘argent et d‘or de Philippe II frappé en Macédoine de 359 à 294, Paris. Rudnicki, M., Pieniądz celtycki na Śląsku, IN: Garbaczewski, W.–Macyra, R. (eds.), Pieniądz i banki na ́ląsku. Studia nad Dziejami Pieniądza i Bankowości w Polsce, t. 2, Poznań, 33–68. Rudnicki, M., Skarb złotych monet celtyckich z Gorzowa nad Przemszą, WA, LVII, 1–2, 1–91. Rutter, N. K., IN: Historia Nummorum. Italy, London. Troxell, H. A. (eds.), Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. he Collection of the American Numismatic Society. Part 8. Macedonia II: Alexander I – Philip II, New York. Breitenstein, N. (ed.), Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. he Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. Danish National Museum. Sicily. Part II. Segesta – Sardinia, Copenhagen. Stähli, B., Die Latènegräber von Bern-Stadt, SSUUB, 3, Bern. Stiebler, M., Die untergegangene „Alte Stadt” von Bieskau, Leobschützer Heimatbrief, 1. Stöckli, W. E., Bemerkungen zum räumlischen und zeitlischen Gruppierung der Funde im Oppidum von Manching, Germania, 52, 368–385. Stoyas, Y., he coinages of Athens, IN: Moschonas, N. G. (ed.), Archaeology of the City of Athens (digital ed.). Venclová, N., Prehistoric Glass in Bohemia, Praha. Venclová, N.–Hulínský, V.–Frána, J.–Fikrle, M., Němčice a zpracování skla v laténské Evropě, ArchRoz, 61, 383–426. Voigt, h., Gab es zur Spät-La-Tène-Zeit eine selbständige Kulturprovinz im Saalegebiet?, JahrMV, 41–42, 409–466. Warneke, T. F., Hallstatt- und frühlatènezeitlicher Anhängerschmuck, IA, 50, Rahden/Westf., 135–139. Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 57 Werner 1979 Woźniak 1967 Woźniak 1970 Woźniak 1992 Woźniak 1996 Zachar 1987 Ziegaus 1997 Werner, J., Die Bronzegürtel von Sonder Skjoldborg, Amt histed, IN: Spätes Keltentum zwischen Rom und Germanien, München, 32–41. Woźniak, Z., Monety celtyckie z ziem polskich, WN, XI, z. 4, 201–231. Woźniak, Z., Osadnictwo celtyckie w Polsce,Wrocław–Warszawa–Kraków. Woźniak, Z., Zur Chronologie der keltischen Siedlungsmaterialen aus Schlesien und Kleinpolen, IN: Godłowski, K.–Madyda-Legutko, R. (Hrsg.), Probleme der relativen und absoluten Chronologie ab Latènezeit bis zum Frühmittelalter, Kraków, 9–17. Woźniak, Z., Neue Forschungsergebnisse über die jüngere Latèneziet in Südpolen, ArhVest, 47, 165–172. Zachar, L., Keltské umeniene Slovensku / Celtic art in Slovakia, Bratislava. Ziegaus, B., Datierung boischer Münzen durch eine Analyse von Schatzfunden, IN: Lehrberger, G.–Fridrich J.–Gebhard, R.–Hrala, J. (Hrsg.), Das prähistorische Gold in Bayern, Böhmen und Mähren: Herkunt – Technologie – Funde, PamArch, supplementum 7/1, Praha, 213–221. List of igures Fig. 1. Locality of Nowa Cerekwia and of Celtic settlement within the present-day territory of Poland. Fig. 2. Comparison of types of obols represented in collections of coins from Nowa Cerekwia (let) and Němčice (category ‘others’ includes unidentiied specimens and types other than listed). List of plates Pl. 1. Pl. 2. Pl. 3. Pl. 4. Pl. 5. Pl. 6. Pl. 7. Pl. 8. Pl. 9. Nowa Cerekwia, distr. Głubczyce, woj. opolskie. An image of settlement (Site 4) and its surroundings developed using 3-D LiDAR data. Nowa Cerekwia. 1. View of the trench from the north; 2. ‘House 1’ at a depth of 60 cm from the surface, view from the south; 3. ‘House 2’ at a depth of 50 cm from the surface, view from the south; 4. Pottery kiln. (1, 3. photo: Georg Raschke, 1936; 2. unknown photograph 1936; 4. unknown photograph 1925. Source: Museum of Opole Silesia, inv. no. MŚO-A-F-0792, 0796, 0801, 0755). Nowa Cerekwia. Aerial photo of the Site 4 (photos: K. Trela). 1. View from north-east; in the distance are visible the Jeseniky mountain range in eastern Sudetesland; 2. he area of the settlement partially investigated in 2007–2008 and previously by B. Czerska. Nowa Cerekwia. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki). Nowa Cerekwia. 1. Half-product of a link from ‘Middle German’ type chain belt discovered during B. Czerska’s investigation; 2–34. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Rudnicki). 1–15, 17–18. Nowa Cerekwia. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki); 16. Bronze anthropomorphic igurine from the settlement at Němčice (ater Čižmář 2012); 19. he fastening of a bronze collar – Kronenhalsringe – from Söhren, in eastern Holstein (ater Hingst 1964, without scale). Nowa Cerekwia. 1–15. Selected glass artefacts from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki); 16. Ring-shaped bead of cobalt blue glass, type 155-Venclová from ‘house 8’ recovered in 1959 (photo: M. Rudnicki); 17. Ring-shaped bead of cobalt blue glass, type 155–Venclová from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawning: E. Pazyna); 18–27. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna). Nowa Cerekwia. 1–22. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki); 23. Crucible made of clay containing graphite with a residue on its walls of corroded green-coloured metal discovered during by B. Czerska in 1959 (photo: M. Rudnicki). Nowa Cerekwia. 1. 1/8 stater, Athena Alkidemos type; 2. Silver obol, Roseldorf II type; 3–15. Selected 58 | M. Rudnicki gold coins, Nike and Athena Alkidemos type; 16–17. Selected gold plated (subaerate) coins, Athena Alkidemos type; 18. A clipped fragment of a gold stater, Athena Alkidemos type; 19–27. Selected silver coins: obols, Roseldorf–Němčice–Nowa Cerekwia group; 28. Fragment of an imitation silver tetradrachm, Philip II irst series type; 29. Fragment of asilver tetradrachm, presumably ‘lyre/ lyre’type; 30. Silver obol. (photos: M. Rudnicki, M. Bogacki). Pl. 10. Nowa Cerekwia. 1–4. Clipped fragments of gold bars; 5–6. Silver lumps; 7. 1/24 stater, Athena Alkidemos type from (A) Nowa Cerekwia, (B) Němčice, (C) Roseldorf (without scale); 8. Bronze coin of Philip II of Macedon; 9. Bronze coin of Kroton in Bruttium; 10. Bronze coin of Hiero II ruler of Syracuse; 11. Bronze coin of Pentonkion, Mamertines of Messana; 12. Raw amber discovered in 1957; 13. Raw graphite from ‘House 12’ discovered in 1960. (photo: M. Rudnicki). Pl. 11. 1. Finds of early Boii coins (minting Period A acc. to Castelin) in Poland; 2. Finds of Mötschwil type ibulae and their derivates north of the Carpathians – larger dots: more than 3. Pl. 12. 1. Greek coin inds in the Central European Barbaricum (star: Němčice nad Hanou; square: Nowa Cerekwia, ater Mielczarek 2008); 2. Hoards with only gold Boii coins from minting Period A (1. Gorzów; 2. Brzezinka Średzka; 3. Trutnov; 4. Nechanice; 5. Plumlov; 6. he settlement at Nowa Cerekwia; 7. he settlement at Němčice. Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 59 1 2 Plate 1. Nowa Cerekwia, distr. Głubczyce, woj. opolskie. An image of settlement (Site 4) and its surroundings developed using 3-D LiDAR data. 60 | M. Rudnicki 1 3 2 4 Plate 2. Nowa Cerekwia. 1. View of the trench from the north; 2. ‘House 1’ at a depth of 60 cm from the surface, view from the south; 3. ‘House 2’ at a depth of 50 cm from the surface, view from the south; 4. Pottery kiln. (1, 3. photo: Georg Raschke, 1936; 2. unknown photograph 1936; 4. unknown photograph 1925. Source: Museum of Opole Silesia, inv. no. MŚO-A-F-0792, 0796, 0801, 0755). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 61 1 2 Plate 3. Nowa Cerekwia. Aerial photo of the Site 4 (photos: K. Trela). 1. View from north-east; in the distance are visible the Jeseniky mountain range in eastern Sudetesland; 2. he area of the settlement partially investigated in 2007–2008 and previously by B. Czerska. 62 | M. Rudnicki 1 4 3 2 5 11 6 7 10 9 8 14 15 16 12 13 17 21 19 20 Plate 4. Nowa Cerekwia. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki). 18 22 Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 63 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 15 16 9 8 13 12 20 17 18 11 10 19 14 22 21 27 23 24 25 26 28 30 29 31 32 33 Plate 5. Nowa Cerekwia. 1. Half-product of a link from ‘Middle German’ type chain belt discovered during B. Czerska’s investigation; 2–34. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Rudnicki). 34 64 | M. Rudnicki 3 1 4 2 5 8 6 9 7 13 10 11 12 14 15 17 19 16 18 1–18 Plate 6. 1–15, 17–18. Nowa Cerekwia. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki); 16. Bronze anthropomorphic igurine from the settlement at Němčice (ater Čižmář 2012); 19. he fastening of a bronze collar – Kronenhalsringe – from Söhren, in eastern Holstein (ater Hingst 1964, without scale). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 65 3 1 5 4 6 2 10 9 8 7 13 11 14 12 16 15 19 18 20 21 23 22 25 17 26 24 27 Plate 7. Nowa Cerekwia. 1–15. Selected glass artefacts from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki); 16. Ring-shaped bead of cobalt blue glass, type 155-Venclová from ‘house 8’ recovered in 1959 (photo: M. Rudnicki); 17. Ring-shaped bead of cobalt blue glass, type 155–Venclová from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawning: E. Pazyna); 18–27. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna). 66 | M. Rudnicki 2 1 4 3 5 6 7 8 11 9 13 12 14 15 10 16 17 18 19 21 22 23 20 Plate 8. Nowa Cerekwia. 1–22. Selected bronze inds from the surface survey carried out in recent years (drawing: E. Pazyna; photo: M. Bogacki); 23. Crucible made of clay containing graphite with a residue on its walls of corroded green-coloured metal discovered by B. Czerska in 1959 (photo: M. Rudnicki). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 67 1 3 2 4 12 19 25 15 14 13 20 26 16 21 22 10 8 6 11 9 7 5 18 17 23 24 27 30 28 29 0 1 cm Plate 9. Nowa Cerekwia. 1. 1/8 stater, Athena Alkidemos type; 2. Silver obol, Roseldorf II type; 3–15. Selected gold coins, Nike and Athena Alkidemos type; 16–17. Selected gold plated (subaerate) coins, Athena Alkidemos type; 18. A clipped fragment of a gold stater, Athena Alkidemos type; 19–27. Selected silver coins: obols, Roseldorf– Němčice–Nowa Cerekwia group; 28. Fragment of an imitation silver tetradrachm, Philip II irst series type; 29. Fragment of a silver tetradrachm, presumably ‘lyre/lyre’ type; 30. Silver obol. (photos: M. Rudnicki, M. Bogacki). 68 | M. Rudnicki 2 3 1 4 6 5 9 8 7 12 13 10 11 1 cm 0 1–6; 8–13 Plate 10. Nowa Cerekwia. 1–4. Clipped fragments of gold bars; 5–6. Silver lumps; 7. 1/24 stater, Athena Alkidemos type from (A) Nowa Cerekwia, (B) Němčice, Roseldorf (without scale); 8. Bronze coin of Philip II of Macedon; 9. Bronze coin of Kroton in Bruttium; 10. Bronze coin of Hiero II ruler of Syracuse; 11. Bronze coin of Pentonkion, Mamertines of Messana; 12. Raw amber discovered in 1957; 13. Raw graphite from ‘House 12’ discovered in 1960. (photo: M. Rudnicki). Nowa Cerekwia. A Celtic Centre for Crat and Commerce of Interregional Importance North of the Carpathians | 69 -single finds (1-2 pcs) -single finds (more than 3 pcs) -hoard 1 2 Plate 11. 1. Finds of early Boii coins (minting Period A acc. to Castelin) in Poland; 2. Finds of Mötschwil type ibulae and their derivates north of the Carpathians – larger dots: more than 3. 70 | M. Rudnicki 1 2 Plate 12. 1. Greek coin inds in the Central European Barbaricum (star: Němčice nad Hanou; square: Nowa Cerekwia, ater MIELCZAREK 2008); 2. Hoards with only gold Boii coins from minting Period A (1. Gorzów; 2. Brzezinka Średzka; 3. Trutnov; 4. Nechanice; 5. Plumlov. 6. he settlement at Nowa Cerekwia; 7. he settlement at Němčice). ABBREVIATIONS ActaArchHung ActaArch ActaB ActaIA ActaMB ActaMC ActaMM ActaMN ActaMP AFN AFSB AIH Alba Regia AnnalesUV, SAH AO Apulum ArchAd ArchAustr ArchBulg ArchÉrt ArchHung ArchKorr ArchPol ArchRoz ArchS ArchSl ArchSlov ArhPregl ArhVest Arrabona ASM AVSC Banatica BAR BayerVorgbl BB BerRGK BFA BIA BJ Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest Acta Archeologica, København Acta Bernensia, Bern Acta Interdisciplinaria Archeologica, Nitra Acta Musei Brukenthal, Sibiu Acta Musei Cibalensis, Vinkovci Acta Musei Moraviae Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău Archäologische Forschungen in Niederösterreich Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur Sächsischen Bodendenkmalplege Régészeti Kutatások Magyarországon / Archaeological Investigation in Hungary, Budapest Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, Székesfehérvár Annales d’Université “Valahia” Târgovişte. Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire Arhivele Olteniei, Craiova Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia Archaeologia Adriatica Archaeologia Austriaca, Wien Archaeologia Bulgarica, Soia Archaeologiai Értesítő, Budapest Archaeologia Hungarica, Budapest Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz Archeologia Polona Archeologické Rozhledy, Prague Archäologie in Salzburg Archeologia Śląska Archaeologia Slovaca Monographiae Studia, Nitra Arheološki Pregled, Arheološko društvo Jugoslavije Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Inštitut za arheologijo, Lubljana Arrabona, a Győri Múzeum Évkönyve Archaeologica Slovaca Monographiae Archeologický výskum v severných Čechách Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeţului Caraș-Severin, Reșiţa British Archaeological Reports, International Series / British Series, Oxford Bayerische Vorgeschichtsblätter, München Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission Bochumer Forschungen zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology Bonner Jahrbücher Iron Age Crats and Cratsmen in the Carpathian Basin, 2014, p. 325–328 326 | Abbreviations BMAK BMB BMM BMN BMP BpRég BT BTMM CAB CAJ Carpica CCA ComArchHung Crisia CurrA Dacia (N.S.) DissPann DMB ÉC EJA EphemNap FAB FAM FAS FBBW FolArch FÖ Godišnjak Germania Glasnik ZM HOMÉ IA Instrumentum IPH Istros JAA Jahrbuch KF Jahrbuch RGZM JahrMV JahrOM JAMT JAS JNES KEMK Biblioteka Muzeum Archeologicznego w Krakówie Biblioteca Muzeului Bistriţa Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Târgu Mureș / Cluj Napoca Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis, Cluj-Napoca Bibliotheca Mvsei Porolissensis, Zalău Budapest Régiségei, Budapest Bibliotheca hracologica, Bucureşti Budapest Történeti Múzeum, Műhely Cercetări Arheologice în Bucureşti Cambridge Archaeological Journal Carpica, Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă „Iulian Antonescu“, Bacău Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din România Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, Budapest Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crișurilor, Oradea Current Anthropology Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII (1924–1948), Bucureşti; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene, Bucureşti Dissertationes Pannonicae, ex Instituto Numismatico et Archaeologico Universitatis de Petro Pázmány nominatae Budapestinensis provenientes, Budapest Dissertationes et Monographiae Beograd Études Celtiques, Paris European Journal of Archaeology Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj–Napoca Folia Archaeologica Balkanica, Skopje Fontes Archaeologiae Moravicae, Brno Fontes Archaeologiae Slovakiae, Bratislava Forschungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, Budapest Fundberichte aus Österreich, Wien Godišnjak Centra za Balkanološka Ispitivanja Akademije Nauka i Umjetnosti, Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo Germania, Frankfurt am Main Glasnik Zemaljskog Muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve, Miskolc Internationale Archäologie, Buch am Erlbach, Espelkamp, Rahden/Westf. Instrumentum, Bulletin du Groupe de travail européen sur l’artisanat et les productions manufacturées dans l’Antiquité Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, Budapest Istros, Buletinul Muzeului Brăilei, Brăila Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Amsterdam Jahrbuch für Kleinasiatische Forschung Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz Jahresschrit für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaten for the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte (Halle), Berlin Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen Musealvereines, Linz Journal of Archaeological Method and heory Journal of Archaeological Science, London Journal of Near Eastern Studies Komárom-Esztergom Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei Abbreviations | 327 KTÈMA Marisia MatANH MatArch MatBV MatStar MFMÉ MHB MIA MittAGW MittAIUAW MittÖAUF MittÖNG MittPK MittRLW MΩMOΣ MSVF MVFBW NAFN OJA OpArch OZ Ősrégészeti levelek PamArch PAS Peuce PPS Prilozi IAZ PrzArch RACF RadMV RégFüz RGZM RVM Sargetia Savaria SCIV(A) SHN SlovArch SMK SNMP SprArch SSA SSUUB Starinar StCom Satu Mare KTÈMA, Civilisations de l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome Antiques, Université de Strasbourg Marisia (V–), Studii şi Materiale, Târgu Mureş Materiały Archeologiczne Nowej Huty Materiały Archeologiczne, Kraków Materialien zur Bayerischen Vorgeschichte Materiały Starożytne (i Wczesnośredniowieczne) A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve, Szeged Monumenta Historica Budapestiensia, Budapest Monographiae Instituti Archaeologici, Zagreb Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschat Wien Mitteilungen des Archäologischen Instituts der Ungarisches Akademie der Wissenschaten, Budapest Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Arbeitsgemeinschat für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Numismatischen Gesellschat Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommision, Vienna Mitteilungsblatt aus der Vorzeit in Rheinland, Lippe und Westfalen MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciakötete Marbuger Studien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Marburg Materialhete zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Niedersachsen Oxford Journal of Archaeology Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu Osječki Zbornik, Osijek Ősrégészeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, Budapest Památky Archeologické, Praha Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, München Peuce, Studii și cercetări de istorie și arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari EcoMuzeale Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, Tulcea Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, London Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju iz Zagreba Przegląd Archeologiczny, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, Tours Rad Muzeja Vojvodine Régészeti Füzetek, Budapest Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Monographien, Bonn / Mainz Rad vojvođanskih muzeja Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis, Deva Savaria, a Vas Megyei Múzeumok Értesítője, Szombathely Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie 1974–), Bucureşti Studia Historica Nitriensia Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra Somogyi Múzeumok Közleményei, Kaposvár Sborník Národního muzea v Praze, řada A – Historie / Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series A – Historia, Praha Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Kraków Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Schriten des Seminars für Urgeschichte der Universität Bern Starinar, Arheološki institut, Beograd Studii şi Comunicări Satu Mare 328 | Abbreviations StudiaAA StudiaArch Studia Hercynia Studia UBB Študijné zvesti TAT hraco-Dacica TübSchr UPA VAMZ VHAD WA WAB WArch WissSchrN WMBH WN WPZ Zbornik Beograd Zbornik NB Zborník SNM ZM Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, Iaşi Studia Archeologiczne Studia Hercynia, Praha Studia Universitatis Babeş–Bolyai, series Historia, Cluj-Napoca Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, Nitra Tübinger Archäologische Taschenbücher hraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, Bucureşti Tübinger Schriten zur Ur- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie, Münster Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Bonn Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu Vjesnik Hrvatskog arheološkog društva, Zagreb Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warsaw Wissenschatliche Arbeiten aus Burgenland World Archaeology, Oxford, Oxbow Wissenschatliche Schritenreihe Niederösterreich Wissenschatliche Mitteilungen aus Bosnien und der Herzegowina, Wien Wiadomości Numizmatyczne Wiener Prähistorische Zeitschrit, Wien Zbornik Muzeja primenjene umetnosti Beograd Zbornik narodnog muzeja, Beograd Zborník Slovenského Národného Múzea, Bratislava Zalai Múzeum, Közlemények Zala megye múzeumaiból

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